Knowing the fundamentals can go a long way toward improving the insulation and heating of our homes. Charcoal is an essential component of this process; it has been used for cooking and heating for centuries among other uses. But what is the chemical formula of charcoal and what exactly is it made of?

The lightweight, black carbon residue known as charcoal is created when wood or other organic materials are heated without the presence of air. Pyrolysis, also referred to as destructive distillation, is a process that concentrates carbon by eliminating water and other volatile ingredients. Char is essentially the result of heating wood to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen.

Depending on a number of variables, including the kind of wood used and the heat source, the chemical makeup of charcoal can change. Carbon, on the other hand, is the main ingredient in charcoal and typically accounts for 70–95% of its composition. Charcoal may also include trace amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and other elements that were originally present in the organic material.

Charcoal has amazing qualities that make it an excellent fuel for cooking and heating, even though its composition is simple. Because of its high carbon content, it burns cleaner and hotter than wood, releasing less ash and smoke. For this reason, using charcoal to heat homes and power plants is a cost-effective and environmentally responsible choice.

What is charcoal made of	Charcoal is typically made from heating wood, coconut shells, or other organic materials in the absence of oxygen.
What is the chemical formula of charcoal	The chemical formula of charcoal is mainly carbon (C).

Charcoal and its benefits

These days, there is a lot of focus on the production of charcoal. Production facilities are continuously being updated and enhanced, allowing for the creation of even better final products.

Charcoal production technology can be regarded as energy-efficient and environmentally friendly if it is developed in compliance with all regulations.

In our country, charcoal production on an industrial scale is said to have originated in the Urals. Many people still cook with this coal on the African continent. It is prepared using a unique technique.

Pit and heap charring are the two methods of charring that are used today. When there is an sporadic need for charcoal, they are employed. Not a single one of these techniques costs extra. Water, sod, and firewood must always be available. Hardwoods are the best raw materials for carbonization. They produce goods of the highest caliber.

Aspen and coniferous waste have become increasingly prevalent in use recently. In this instance, using a specific production technology is required to obtain coal of a high caliber.

The type of wood you use will determine the final product’s yield. The yield of charcoal produced industrially is frequently far lower than anticipated. The most frequent cause is oxygen entering the stove and totally burning the source material.

There are three known kinds of charcoal:

1. black – it is produced from soft wood (it can be: aspen, willow, linden, alder and poplar);
2. white – it is obtained from hardwoods such as oak, birch, hornbeam, acacia, ash and so on;
3. red – only coniferous species are used for its production. Charcoal is obtained by soft charring, the temperature regime should be low.

This product has a lot of advantages. One may even say that it is used universally. This substitute fuel is safe to use and good for the environment.

Areas of application of charcoal

• In industry as a reducing agent.
• It is necessary for smelting valuable and rare metals.
• In the food industry, charcoal is used for water and sugar purification.
• In industrial and combat gas masks, this material is used as a trap for harmful and poisonous gases.
• It is used to clean industrial effluents and gas emissions from factories.
• It is indispensable for the regeneration of water and air in confined spaces.
• In medicine, it is used for poisonings.
• In agriculture, charcoal has also found a worthy application. It is used as a supplementary feed for cattle, pigs and poultry. To combat various plant diseases, charcoal is put into the ground as a fertilizer.
• At home, charcoal is used in fireplaces and for cooking kebabs.

It is noteworthy that there has been a considerable reduction in the release of damaging greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as a result of the widespread use of charcoal. Therefore, humanity has an opportunity to protect the planet’s delicate ecological balance.

How to make charcoal production technology

Process description

A number of technological processes are employed, the most efficient and profitable of which is the oxygen-free combustion of raw materials in a plant. This kind of apparatus is known as a rotary charcoal incinerator, and the process of pyrolysis is another name for this kind of wood fuel preparation.

The way such equipment functions is based on several stages:

• first, wooden wood of one or another species of wood for drying is put into the furnace fire chamber;
• then, specially prepared dry and well-burning firewood is ignited in the furnace chamber, and when a certain temperature is reached, the pyrolysis process begins, i.e. combustion of wood raw materials without oxygen. The main advantage of the equipment used is the principle that the gases released during combustion are not released into the environment, but are sent back into the chamber to maintain the desired combustion temperature. Due to this, no additional fuel is required to maintain the pyrolysis process, all the heat energy needed is obtained by the plant from such gases;
• Coal production with the help of these technological installations can be carried out in several shifts, as the finished raw material is placed on a special tray for further cooling, and its place in the furnace, at the same time can take the next portion of wood, which is moved from the drying chamber.

How-to video:

When discussing the steps involved in producing coal, they include preparing the firewood, loading it, drying it, starting the pyrolysis process, cooling it down further, and finally unloading it from the plant.

GOST

The current standard at the time of publication of this article is .

Economy

Since these pyrolysis furnaces don’t have blowers or fans, they are very energy-efficient and don’t require any other energy sources to operate. As a result, there are no electricity costs associated with their use. The supply and provision of lighting for work during the day’s twilight hours can be regarded as the exception in this case. Of course, you cannot ignore the expense of utilizing auxiliary tools, such as a special hoist and an electric or chainsaw for the preparation and cutting of raw wood materials. These tools will be especially important when using large, high-capacity stoves.

The introduction of technology suggests the use of specialty wood briquettes instead of whole firewood, which is a significant economic development. Due to the ability to process even tiny chips or sawdust, this technology produces products that are substantially higher quality while also producing an entirely waste-free output.

Minimizing expenses when acquiring raw materials for the production of coal is another crucial issue that requires careful consideration. The waste from the logging and wood processing industries should be used and purchased above all other substandard wood materials, regardless of whether they are caused by a sufficient number of rotten formations, different types of deadwood, burnt wood, lignite, or other variations.

Distinctive properties of charcoal

Charcoal is defined by the State Standard 7657-84 as a solid that is porous and has the ability to release energy when burned. Carbon makes up the majority of the material.

Charcoal shares many characteristics with hard coal, such as having a high calorific value.Carbon is the fundamental component of both.

In essence, both materials are composed of wood. But charcoal is made from wood that has to break down under oxygen-limited conditions over several centuries. Conversely, charred wood is the source of charcoal. Prior to it burning partially in low oxygen environments.

The substance has a reputation for being eco-friendly. Despite being a good fuel type, it does not pollute the environment with caustic smoke.

The material has adsorbent properties as well. Because of its porous structure, it can purify alcohol, gases, and water. Such coal has a higher calorific value—nearly the same as that of hard coal—and is more prone to spontaneous combustion due to its distinct chemical and physical properties.

The result of producing high-quality wood products is black charcoal with a noticeable blue tinge. The wood grain structure is visible even when the material breaks, but the surface is cracked. These establish the degree of charring on the material.

The yearly production of charcoal reaches 9 million tons worldwide. The leader is Brazil. Approximately 100,000 tons of charcoal are produced in Russia. Products are imported by the nation from Belarus, Ukraine, and the PRC.

Japan is the country with the highest coal consumption, consuming 60 kg annually per person, while the average consumption in European nations is about 20 kg. In the Russian Federation, 100 g is this amount.

Varieties and uses of charcoal.

Three kinds of coal are distinguished:

• Red, the raw material of which is coniferous wood. Its production is achieved by soft carbonization.
• Black; it is made from willow, aspen and other softwoods.
• White , obtained from oak, beech, birch, ash, hornbeam, etc.п. At first, the charring process occurs at low temperatures, and then there is a sharp jump to 1000 ° C. White charcoal does not retain its bark, unlike black charcoal.

The wood material is distinguished by its numerous applications across various economic sectors. Coal is produced for use in non-ferrous/black metallurgy to further create pure ferroalloys.

Coal is used in the cementation of metal products to enhance their characteristics and stop oxidation due to carbon saturation. Businesses that produce crystalline silicon and sulfur carbon mostly need wood charcoal.

Furthermore, the material is intended for:

• chemical industry (production of paint solutions, artificial fiber, glass, pesticides, plastic, filters, cellophane, antiseptic);
• construction (as an absorber of moisture and unpleasant odors);
• electrical engineering (due to its radiation resistance and non-toxicity it is used in the creation of radio components, electrodes, conductors, etc.).д.);
• medicine (in the form of tablets, as a therapeutic drug);
• agriculture, in particular animal husbandry (additive to the usual diet of birds, cattle and cattle, fertilization of the upper layer of the earth);
• Floriculture (organic element of terra preta);
• Food industry (food coloring, which can be found on food packages under the brand name E153);
• Cosmetic industry (one of the components of products designed to provide skin care for the face, body, hair).

Wood products are used for even more purposes in Japan. Coal is used to make soap, toothbrushes, cookies, and foundations. Our people are used to using it as fuel and for cooking in their homes.

References

• [kubatyan.blogspot.com/2010/06/blog-post_07.html Coal production in India]

: inaccurate or absent picture

• Use footnotes to more accurately cite sources.

Product and industry-specific energy structure

Thermal power plants	Condensing power plant (CPP) – Heat and Power Plant (HPP)
Hydropower	Hydroelectric power plant (HPP) – Hydroelectric storage power plant (HSPP)
Nuclear	Nuclear power plant (NPP) – Floating nuclear power plant (FNPP)

Geothermal	Geothermal Power Plants (GeoPPP)
Hydropower	Small hydroelectric power plants (SHPP) – Tidal power plants (TPP) – Wave power plants – Osmotic power plants
Wind power	Wind Power Plants (WPP)
Solar	Solar Power Plants (SPP)
Hydrogen	Hydrogen power plants – Fuel cell plants
Bioenergy	Bioelectric power plants (BioTPP)
Small	Diesel power plants – Gas piston power plants – Small capacity gas turbine plants – Gasoline power plants

Combined Heat and Power Plants (CHP) – Boiler plants – Nuclear power plants (NPP) – Nuclear thermal power plants (ATP) – Geothermal power plants (GeoTES) – Bioelectric power plants (BioTES)

Small Boiler Houses – Mini CHP – Heat Pump Units – Electric Heaters – Furnaces

Heating stations – Heat pipelines

Fossil	Lignite – Hard coal – Anthracite – Oil shale – Peat
Vegetable	Firewood – Wood waste – Biomass
Artificial	Charcoal – Pellets – Coke (coal, peat, semi-coke) – Coal briquettes – Coal preparation waste

Energy	Thermonuclear Energy – Space Energy
Fuel	Plutonium – Thorium – Deuterium – Tritium – Helium-3 – Boron-11

Principal categories of fuels made from organic materials

Petroleum and petroleum products	Petroleum – Fuel oil – Fuel oil – M-40 – Pyronaphtha – Pyrroleum – Powder – Petroleum ether – Gas condensate – Diesel fuel – Gasoil – Ligroin – Kerosene – Gasoline – Gasoline – Gasoline
Natural gases	Natural gas – Compressed natural gas – Liquefied natural gas – Liquefied hydrocarbon gases – Associated petroleum gas – Coal gas – Gas hydrates – Shale gas
Coal and oil shale	Brown coal – Stone coal – Anthracite – Oil shale – Sapropelite – Coal coke
Peat	Peat – Peat coke

Product market

Wholesale is the most effective marketing strategy.

However, it is probably worthwhile to keep an eye on the retail industry as well. Possible uses for the coal include:

• Catering facilities – restaurants, cafes, kebab shops, grill bars, etc.д.;
• Stores specializing in the sale of goods for cottagers, tourism, fishing and hunting;
• Blacksmith shops, smelting plants;
• Enterprises engaged in the production of varnishes and paints.

Suggested reading:

• production of fuel briquettes
• sawdust pellets production
• production of cat litter filler
• production of wood flour
• how to open a chipboard production

Technology of coal production

• ;
• exposure of wood to fire under the right conditions (pyrolysis);
• calcination;
• cooling.

The incoming raw material must be completely dried at the initial step. Raw wood smolders poorly. Before it can be burned, it must be allowed to dry. The raw materials are put in a charcoal incinerator’s special unit. Up to 1500C of heated flue gas is fed into it. The amount of moisture in the wood used determines how long the process takes. Processing it with gas takes longer the more humid it is.

The raw materials’ moisture percentage should be as low as possible after drying. A maximum moisture content of 5% is appropriate for feedstock used in pyrolysis, the second stage of coal production.

There are various stages in the pyrolysis process:

• The temperature in the furnace increases up to 3000C;
• at this value the percentage of humidity of raw material reaches zero, it actively absorbs heat;
• charring of the wood takes place;
• charred material is subjected to elevated temperatures reaching 4000C;
• smoldering of raw materials with active release of heat occurs;
• When smoldering, the material becomes charcoal.

After the pyrolysis process is complete, high carbon raw materials are produced. It reaches a 75% level.

The coal that results from pyrolysis is then burned. At this point, the raw material is separated from its gases and resins.

The technology used in the production of charcoal allows for cooling at the end. The process is lowering the furnace’s internal temperature. When the raw material does not ignite spontaneously when exposed to oxygen, coal can be removed from it. It is thought that 400C is the ideal temperature for coal with the possibility of its unloading. 850C is sometimes the starting point for unloading.

Equipment for charcoal production price

The equipment has a fairly broad range of costs. It is noteworthy that the cost of assembling the entire production line can range from 350 to 750 thousand rubles. The ultimate cost is largely influenced by productivity. A few of these include the price of establishing several parallel production lines, which significantly raises the entry barrier.

Instead of purchasing a new furnace, you can take advantage of the deals available on used goods to lower your capital requirements. You can also find there.

The furnace, for example, can be purchased for 150 thousand rubles, but options with higher productivity will cost you more than 2 million rubles. The price of the primitive versions is only 15,000–20,000 rubles. This also holds true for the remaining line nodes. The cleavers and filling apparatus are chosen according to the kiln’s capacity. The most sophisticated models stratify the product all the way down to coal dust, which is required in other production areas.

Distribution channels

The use of this kind of coal is quite low in our nation. Thus, looking for overseas partners will be the best course of action in terms of sales. These products are incredibly popular and in high demand in European countries. You can locate customers in your own nation if you don’t have "outlets" in overseas markets:

• One of the options is to organize wholesale sales.
• Don"t forget about smelting facilities and forging shops.
• You can safely add gas stations, grill-bars, restaurants and kebab stores, as well as specialized stores for dacha recreation to the list of prospective partners. Demand will be seasonal. In summer it will be twice as high as in winter.

A distinctive company logo that is a requirement for business growth is something that needs to be affixed to every bag. In this manner, the customer is more likely to favor your product again after using it once.

Additionally, you ought to implement an aggressive marketing strategy and post advertisements online and on billboards, where potential customers will find you.

Conditions necessary for charcoal production

Prior to setting up the necessary conditions, make charcoal:

• Firstly, it is the premises for the workshop, located outside the city limits, an open land plot necessary for the boiler. The area, taking into account a separate room for the warehouse, should be at least 200 square meters. м.
• Secondly, personnel is required, usually 2-3 workers. They need to be provided with working uniforms (coveralls, safety glasses, mask, gloves). In addition to production workers, you need to hire an accountant, a cleaner, a watchman, a sales manager, a driver and a few laborers or loaders.
• Thirdly, the equipment.

The shop that makes charcoal is equipped with the following technological devices:

• charcoal incinerator;

Electric scales; electric generator; and cleaver (wood-cutting hydraulic device).

Once a high-quality machine has been selected, the production of charcoal will be finished. How can I find it out?

A burning, choke-inducing smell is not released into the air by high-quality modern equipment. Although it is released, it stays in the furnace that is used to dry out and thermally break down the following batch of wood. Furthermore, high-quality retort furnaces reduce energy loss.

Available for purchase are:

• Dimensional complexes of stationary type, which make charcoal in large volumes;
• mobile machines;
• auxiliary equipment.

A few key factors that greatly impact the equipment selection are the anticipated production volume and the following:

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If the process is automated, a computer program will control the temperature in drying chambers and retorts, set commands for adjustments, lower worker error rates by reducing the number of workers, and notify when the next step of the production process is about to begin.

The picture shows the operational retort furnaces as well as the industrial site. They can hold up to 20 barrels in total. Over 200 tons of wood substance (roughly 1.5 cubic meters) are produced in a month as raw materials. In a year or two, such equipment pays for itself.

A specific quantity of raw materials is another necessary component of production. The average amount of charcoal consumed in a month when producing 25–30 tons is 225–250 cubic meters.

М. wood (various species). You will also require containers for packing.

Direct and indirect costs of coal production from wood.

Charcoal requires at least 1.5 million rubles to produce. Business direction is incredibly expensive. The majority of the funds will need to be allocated to purchasing powerful equipment, which typically costs 800 thousand rubles.

Focus on the "Zarya" units from the domestic production units. Additionally, Fantastica" complexes have shown strong performance.

Premium quality OD-30 and OD-60 charcoal stoves, with prices ranging from 680 to 890 thousand rubles. rub.

Determine that the industrial site’s and the premises’ rent could total between 200 and 400 thousand rubles. The cost of purchasing raw materials will come to 100,000 rubles. Taxes and the labor fund will total 600,000 rub. Consider the additional expenses of transportation and advertising, which total 50,000 rubles. The cost for the required document registration is approximately 10,000 rubles, while the municipal fee is 50,000 rubles.

1.8 million rubles is the total, conditional initial investment at which mass production of wood products begins.

One kilogram of coal is realized at a cost of 18–35 rubles. The production of 100 tons of finished goods will yield a net profit of 70,000–80,000 rubles per month.

Organizational aspects

The following types of charcoal can be produced, depending on the kind of wood used in the process:

1. "White" coal is obtained from hardwood (acacia, oak, hornbeam, birch, ash, etc.).д). It is considered to be the highest quality type of charcoal.
2. "Black coal is made from soft wood (alder, willow, lime, aspen, poplar).
3. "Red" charcoal produced exclusively from coniferous wood.

Firewood is the best raw material for making charcoal, but their use is expensive.

Waste produced during the harvesting and processing of wood is more frequently used in production. With the availability of contemporary equipment, even peat and sawdust can be used as raw materials.

Technology

Even though the technology used to produce charcoal is simple, the business owner It is essential to gain specific knowledge and useful abilities. If not, there is a chance that the final product’s quality will decline and its "yield" from the raw material will be reduced.

The production process is made simpler by modern technologies without compromising the environment.

The steps involved in producing charcoal are as follows:

1. Drying. The raw material is dried so that the wood smolders better in the kiln.
2. Pyrolysis. Key stage of the process.
3. Burning, to separate the gases and resins from the charcoal.
4. Cooling.

Burning wood is the pyrolysis technology used in the production process:

1. Roasting takes place in a closed container, where there must be no access to oxygen,
2. with temperatures reaching 500 degrees.

Gases are produced during combustion and stay in the chamber to sustain the appropriate combustion temperature.

Only a charcoal incinerator, or retort, equipped with sensors to regulate the temperature and degree of combustion, can be used for pyrolysis.

The procedure itself is divided into multiple phases:

1. To begin with, the retort is heated to 150 degrees, thanks to which the wood is dried.
2. Then the temperature rises up to 350 degrees, at which the release of gases and charring of raw materials begins.
3. Raising the temperature to 500 degrees, achieve separation of tar and non-condensable gases from the primary coal.

The ready charcoal is broken up into tiny pieces and placed into bags once it has cooled.

It is feasible to run seven to thirty cycles of coal production in a month. The volume of raw materials put into the kiln determines how many cycles are required in exact.

Can the process be set up at home?

It is possible to organize the coal production process at home, but doing so will increase the need for raw materials. This method can only produce coal from solid wood.

In a container, roasting:

1. The logs need to be peeled from the bark, cut into small shapes and put into a barrel (bucket). Openings are made in the container to drain gases and tar, then it is tightly closed and placed over the fire, where it is heated to 350 degrees Celsius.
2. After reaching the desired temperature, the barrel is kept over the fire for another 2.5 hours. It was then removed from the fire, and the lid was not opened until it had cooled completely.

Roasting in a pit:

You could also dig a hole and cover it with an iron sheet in place of a barrel. Additionally, burning wood in the pit takes two and a half hours.

Watch the video to learn more about the charcoal-making process in the pit:

One m3 of wood can yield up to 300 kg of charcoal, at an average cost of 800 rubles. The yield would be 5,200 rubles if you sold 1 kg of coal for 20 p.

If the entrepreneur lacks the funds for contemporary equipment, the aforementioned methods are a great way to launch your own company.

History

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C:Wikipedia:Source-unspecified articles (type: unspecified)

In Russia, charcoal has been produced since ancient times. Blacksmith"s pots worked precisely on charcoal. The most common methods of obtaining were heap and pit charring. The variants of heap burning were "stack" and "boar". These technologies were primitive, the process lasted up to a month and required periodic inspection and maintenance. All gaseous and liquid (in vapor) decay products (which is about two-thirds of the initial mass of absolutely dry wood) were released into the atmosphere. Mass production of charcoal using such technologies was possible only in the XVII-XVIII century, when the population density was low and many territories were not developed. Already since the XIX century in Russia preferred the simplest brick stoves for making charcoal.

The Urals ought to be regarded as the birthplace of industrial charcoal production. Demidov’s foundry and iron production increased in exact proportion to charcoal.

In the early years of Soviet rule, heap charcoaling was revived against the backdrop of industry’s collapse. Subsequently, sizable coal-burning facilities were constructed (Asha, Syava, Amzya, Moloma, Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha), offering a comparatively eco-friendly method of producing coal. Various adaptations of the most basic brick ovens continued to function at the same time, particularly on.

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Fresh notes

Knowing the fundamentals can go a long way toward improving the insulation and heating of our homes. Charcoal is an essential component of this process; it has been used for cooking and heating for centuries among other uses. But what is the chemical formula of charcoal and what exactly is it made of?

The lightweight, black carbon residue known as charcoal is created when wood or other organic materials are heated without the presence of air. Pyrolysis, also referred to as destructive distillation, is a process that concentrates carbon by eliminating water and other volatile ingredients. Char is essentially the result of heating wood to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen.

Depending on a number of variables, including the kind of wood used and the heat source, the chemical makeup of charcoal can change. Carbon, on the other hand, is the main ingredient in charcoal and typically accounts for 70–95% of its composition. Charcoal may also include trace amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and other elements that were originally present in the organic material.

Charcoal has amazing qualities that make it an excellent fuel for cooking and heating, even though its composition is simple. Because of its high carbon content, it burns cleaner and hotter than wood, releasing less ash and smoke. For this reason, using charcoal to heat homes and power plants is a cost-effective and environmentally responsible choice.

What is charcoal made of	Charcoal is typically made from heating wood, coconut shells, or other organic materials in the absence of oxygen.
What is the chemical formula of charcoal	The chemical formula of charcoal is mainly carbon (C).

Equipment for creating coal

Charcoal production is a very appealing business venture. You can find customers easily because there is a market for your products and you don’t need to make large initial investments. It is sufficient to have 200 square meters in order to arrange the necessary equipment. м. A crew of two to four people operates a single charcoal stove.

Charcoal release devices fall into three categories: auxiliary, mobile, and stationary.

The primary machinery used in the production of charcoal is the pyrolysis barrel, also known as the charcoal incinerator. This apparatus is used to perform the pyrolysis of wood. These days, these furnaces come in a variety of designs and operate in various ways. Charcoal incinerators can be either mobile or stationary. Nonetheless, the qualities and attributes of the finished goods are constant.

Charcoal kilns serve a dual purpose by acting as both a manufacturer and a user. Because of this, mobile kilns can be used directly for waste-free production at construction sites as well as logging sites.

When it is not necessary to relocate, stationary kilns are utilized to achieve continuous charcoal production. Compared to mobile devices, stationary devices are more productive, have larger screens, and can perform a wider range of tasks. Stationary versions can use a variety of fuel types. Furthermore, only the byproducts of the production of wood are used in mobile kilns.

The most common kind of incinerator for charcoal is a furnace where the pyrolysis process occurs without any contact between the wood and the flue gases. Warm air can pass through openings in a separate chamber that holds the raw material in this apparatus.

Because vertical retorts are a feature of another kind of charcoal incinerator, the pyrolysis process is carried out more qualitatively throughout. One major drawback of such equipment is that it emits a lot of exhaust gases into the atmosphere. This means that extra cleaning filters are required for such a charcoal incinerator.

Brick or metal are used to construct the charcoal incinerator. To stop heat from dissipating, the metal must be insulated with a material that is heat resistant. Heat-resistant metals are used to construct chambers and retorts.

The primary components of the kiln are:

• furnace unit. In it, raw materials are dried
• charcoal combustion unit. This is where the pyrolysis process takes place
• base. The furnace and charcoal incinerator unit is attached to it
• ramp. A container with finished product is unloaded along it.

An auxiliary piece of equipment used to prepare firewood is the woodchopper. Both vertical and horizontal woodchoppers are available. In horizontal devices, the knife moves toward the log or the log is placed in a chute and directed toward the knife. The knife is lowered onto the log in vertical units. Because the log is not subjected to friction, these woodchoppers are more efficient.

Furthermore, extra equipment could consist of:

• automatic charcoal packing line. It fulfills the task of automating and finishing the charcoal making procedure. The line includes a receiving hopper with a net to prevent heads, a vibrating chute, a bucket conveyor and a storage hopper with a volume sensor. Charcoal, gradually moving along the nodes of the packing line, acquires its final appearance
• weighing doser. This apparatus automatically distributes a specified mass of coarse lump charcoal into bags. It makes it possible to prepackage charcoal as a final product
• The separator acts as a distributor of charcoal products into specified dimensions for different needs and price categories.

It is important to note that fans and gas blowers are not included in the machinery used to manufacture charcoal, which results in a significant electricity savings. Profits rise while production costs fall.

Premium charcoal has a wood-like structure, and the yearly rings at the end of the bar are easily identifiable. A ringing sound is produced when you tap the charcoal. It has a glossy black color and should have very few cracks. Because it has the longest burning time and most consistent heat, coal from birch and oak trees is the best.

Charcoal

Since this kind of charcoal is not a fossil, its composition is a little different. It is made by heating dry wood without access to air to a temperature between 450 and 500 oC. Pyrolysis is the term for this process. The wood is transformed into charcoal after a variety of chemicals, including methanol, acetone, and acetic acid, are released during this process. Burning wood, incidentally, is also pyrolysis, but the gases that are released ignite because of the oxygen in the air. This explains why flame tongues appear during burning.

Because of its large number of pores and capillaries, wood is not homogeneous. The coal that is extracted from it also retains some of this structure. Because of this, it works well as an adsorbent and is combined with activated charcoal.

This kind of coal has a relatively low humidity (roughly 3%), but over extended storage, it takes up moisture from the atmosphere, increasing the percentage of water content to 7–15%. GOSTs regulate the content of volatile substances and inorganic impurities, which should not exceed 20% and 3% of the respective. The elemental composition is dependent on the method of acquisition and roughly appears as follows:

• Carbon 80-92%.
• Oxygen 5-15%.
• Hydrogen 4-5%.
• Nitrogen ~0%.
• Sulfur ~0%.

Charcoal’s chemical formula indicates that its carbon content is similar to that of stone coal, with the exception that it contains comparatively less sulfur and nitrogen, two elements that are not needed for combustion.

Raw materials for processing

Purchasing raw materials must be considered while creating a business plan for the coal industry. The raw material may consist of birch wood, logging industry waste, or other raw materials compressed into large briquettes, depending on the technology selected for this purpose. You can purchase any kind of wood for charcoal incinerators, but keep in mind that it is more costly than other raw materials and that the charcoal produced during this process is not of very high quality.

When setting up such a business, keep in mind that charcoal can be made more profitably from logging industry waste. These briquettes’ length—typically between 0.4-0.55 meters—makes them perfect for stoves and eliminates the need for further processing. It also fits in well with the fact that the split line is up to 18 cm and the face area rot percentage is only up to 15. Using raw materials from logwood, growing wood, burnt wood, and dead wood is ideal for production.

The volume and quality of raw materials purchased must also be disclosed in the business plan. The indicators are dependent on the necessary production volumes as well as the kind of equipment to be used and the developed plan for product realization.

Return to the contents table

How charcoal from wood is made in factories technological aspects

The process of pyrolysis produces coal from wood. This is a procedure where raw materials are dried and then distilled. Stated differently, organic carbon compounds undergo high-temperature decomposition during the production process (with limited or no oxygen).

The product’s low air content—or lack thereof—occurs because combustion is inhibited during production. As a result, the gases produced during heating to 500°F are what are causing the flame rather than combustion.

For pyrolysis, retort furnaces (pyrolysis boilers) of stationary or mobile type are used, which have a pyrometer to regulate the temperature. In the loading space raw materials are placed manually or automatically.

But first, the wood is sorted and unloaded at the proper location. If the raw wood is bought unshredded, it is cut into firewood.

1. The first stage involves drying. Then the temperature is not raised above 150°C.
2. When the excess moisture is removed from the wood material, the temperature is raised and the next step is carried out. Heat is generated in the upper chamber of the kiln. It burns the wood and produces wood gas, which moves to the nozzle to mix with the secondary air. As a result of these processes, burnt, dry charcoal is formed.
3. Next, it must be calcined. In this way, tar and unnecessary gases will be separated.
4. After the wood product is unloaded and allowed to cool down.
5. It is then made into crushed wood, .

The figure illustrates the technological process flow that produces coal over a 16–20 hour period:

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• stakes;
• hemp;
• branches;
• bark;
• chips;
• whips;
• waste materials from furniture making,
• logs;
• sawdust;
• wood blanks;
• kapa;
• peat.

The procurement of consumables is coordinated with forestry enterprises.

Up to 8 cu. yd. м of birch wood would be needed to produce 1 ton of coal. Up to 12 cubic meters are consumed more when soft hardwoods are used. м. Factories produce charcoal in three grades: A, B, and C.

Safety rules for charcoal production.

Safety regulations state that only coal that has been produced in volumes greater than 100 cubic meters can be used to produce one ton of coal. dm, can catch fire on its own. As a result, action must be taken to stop spontaneous combustion.

Unfortunately, a lot of business owners who know how to make charcoal disregard these guidelines and fail to shield their goods from the oxidizer. Another major error that is thought to be made is allowing coal dust to build up.

Employees producing charcoal are required to abide by labor protection regulations R O-00-97, which are available at https://ohranatruda.ru/ot_biblio/norma/252437.

Wood products should be transported in steel drums, kraft paper, polypropylene bags, and other containers. In order to prevent atmospheric precipitation, coal is kept in closed warehouses with specialized bunkers.

It is transported by trucks or covered wagons in large quantities or packaged.

Charcoal properties

February 26, 2017 | Writer: Malinovka

There are three known kinds of charcoal:

• black – it is produced from soft wood (aspen, willow, lime, alder and poplar);
• white – it is obtained from hardwoods (oak, birch, hornbeam, acacia, ash and so on);
• red – only coniferous species (spruce, pine, larch) are used for its production.

Charcoal has a lot of advantages. One may even say that it is used universally. This substitute fuel is safe to use and good for the environment.

Utilizing charcoal

• In industry as a reducing agent.
• It is necessary in the smelting of valuable and rare metals.
• In the food industry, charcoal is used to purify water and sugar.
• In industrial and combat gas masks this material is used as a trap for harmful and poisonous gases.
• It is used to purify industrial effluents and gas emissions of enterprises.
• It is indispensable for the regeneration of water and air in confined spaces.
• In medicine, it is used for poisonings.
• In agriculture, charcoal has also found a worthy application. It is used as a supplementary feed for cattle, pigs and poultry. To combat various plant diseases, charcoal is applied to the ground in the form of fertilizer.
• Charcoal powder in floriculture is used as one of the elements of earth mixtures or as drainage for pots with indoor plants
• At home, charcoal is used in charcoal grills and for cooking kebabs.
• Charcoal is the second popular chemical element that easily removes foreign odors. Charcoal has a unique adsorbent property. Due to these properties, charcoal is surprisingly effective in removing foreign unpleasant odors. This substance is excellent for cleaning black-colored surfaces.
• Charcoal ash is able to supply the plant with the necessary amount of potassium, calcium and phosphorus, as well as neutralize the soil with medium acidity.

Weight of charcoal

The high sorption capacity of charcoal can be attributed to its high porosity. One gram of coal has a specific surface area of 160–400 m2, and the volume of a piece of birch coal has a pore volume ratio of 72%, while that of spruce coal is 80%. The true density of charcoal is 1, 3-1, 5 g/cm3, while the densities of birch, pine, and spruce charcoal are 0, 38, 29, and 26 g/cm3, respectively.

One cubic meter of bulk, completely dry charcoal weighs:

Spruce, 100–120 kg

130–140 kg of pine coal

– 175–185 kg of birch charcoal

– Beechwood weighed roughly 195 kg.

Properties of charcoal

Charcoal’s heat capacity is influenced by temperature and moisture content. Charcoal that is completely dry has an average specific heat capacity of 0.2 kcal/kg. Charcoal burned at 380–500° has a calorific value of 7500–8170 kcal/kg. Charcoal that has been released from kilns and retorts has a moisture content of 2–4%. The humidity of charcoal increases to 7–15% in a closed warehouse.

A liter of hardwood charcoal should weigh at least 210 g, have an ash content of no more than 3%, and have a volatile content of no more than 20%.

By calcining it into CO, CO2, CH4, and other hydrocarbons, charcoal can be used to separate volatile and non-volatile carbon.

The charring temperature is the primary factor that determines the elemental composition of charcoal; the higher the temperature, the more carbon and less hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen in the charcoal. For instance, ash-free and dry mass charcoal produced at 450°C contains the following elements: 84, 9% C, 3, 1% H, and 12% (O + N). Phosphorus content in charcoal made from unbarked wood is 0.016 percent in pine wood, 0.017 percent in spruce wood, and 0.037 percent in birch wood. Because it can bind oxygen at room temperature, charcoal has a propensity to burn spontaneously.

Hardwood and mixed hardwoods can be used to make charcoal. Additionally, there are two types of charcoal: coarse (at least 25 mm) and fine (at least 6–12 mm).

Discussion closed on All About Charcoal and Charcoal Applications.

Method of production in a pit

Since our ancestors employed this technique as well, it can be considered first.

Making charcoal for one person will be time-consuming; enlist assistance; the process will go more quickly in tandem.

To begin, dig a small hole that has strictly vertical walls and a cylindrical shape. The furnace will be like this. The pit-stove needs to be at least 50 cm deep and have a diameter of 70 to 80 cm if you want to get roughly two bags of coal.

You can use your feet to tamp the bottom of the resulting pit to ensure that the finished raw material is completely clean and devoid of any earth admixture.

Next, you must start a fire in the pit. Use small branches, dry birch bark, or similar materials for kindling; avoid using chemicals in the fire.

You must constantly monitor the fire and occasionally throw dry wood into the flames. Burning firewood should cover the entire bottom of the pit.

The fire should only be well stoked before you begin to burn. You can add pre-cut wood to it; it will eventually burn into coal. It is best to cut the firewood into pieces that are no longer than 30 cm in length for convenience.

It’s crucial to understand that firewood intended for charcoal needs to have the bark removed. It still yields low-quality raw material, and it emits a lot of smoke when burned. Layering firewood is a good idea; after the first layer has burned completely, lay the next one.

Ensuring that the firewood is stacked tightly is crucial. Wood should be added to the pit gradually until it is full.

It is best to lay firewood in layers; add another layer once the previous one has burned completely. It’s crucial to stack the wood closely to one another. Firewood should be added to the pit gradually until it is full.

Next, the pit’s contents should be completely covered with grass and leaves. Next, add some earth, and tamp it down firmly. Sort the coal that was obtained after a day.

How profitable it is

Although the average numbers for the industry are known, there is no one-size-fits-all business plan for the production of charcoal. Everything depends on where you will purchase raw materials, how much they will cost, and how you will establish sales. We advise against engaging in retail sales; in the worst situation, you can simply sell bags in the store without setting up your own locations.

Good-quality charcoal

Find people who will purchase goods in large quantities:

1. Supermarkets or local retailers.
2. Refueling stations.
3. Restaurants and cafes.
4. Wholesale stores and bases.
5. Various industrial enterprises that need coal for technical processes.

Experience demonstrates that there are locations almost everywhere in Russia where the manufacturer’s charcoal is in demand and can be supplied in large quantities. Thus, consider where you can deposit it before you begin, and make an effort to get in touch with possible buyers to find out about their expectations and the volumes that will be required. Frequently, the business owner sources all of the goods he manufactures from a single wholesaler.

Let’s now talk about the approximate costs that you will be responsible for. Keep in mind that prices are estimates (as of 2017):

1. Registration with the tax authorities – 15,000 rubles.
2. Purchase of a set of equipment – 1,000,000 rubles.
3. Rent of premises, repair works – 400,000 rubles per year.
4. Purchase of wood for processing – 300,000 rubles.

To start a business, you will require roughly 1,700,000 roubles in total. Keep in mind that in this instance, we are discussing a medium-sized shop with professional equipment that produces roughly 20 tons of coal per month. If you don’t have such a budget, you can get by with a garage and a less expensive set of tools; this will cost you about 300,000 rubles per month for a 2-ton capacity. Additionally, having a car for the purpose of distributing finished goods is desirable. Even a cheap GAZelle that can transport a ton of cargo will do.

Let’s compute the profit margin now. In 2017, the wholesale price of birch coal was 100 rubles per kilogram, while the total cost of production, including expenses, came to about 60. For every kilogram sold, you get 40 rubles; for every two tons sold (at a home shop), you get eighty thousand rubles; and for a fully functional business that produces twenty tons a month, you get 800 000 rubles. Hence, the investments are repaid in 2-4 months, but in reality, only 4-6 months are needed to recover the entire amount (there are always ancillary expenses).

Sure, here"s the main thesis for the article on "What is charcoal made of? What is the chemical formula of charcoal?":Charcoal is a black, porous substance primarily composed of carbon. It"s made by heating wood, coconut shells, or other organic materials in a low-oxygen environment, a process called pyrolysis. This removes water, volatile compounds, and other impurities, leaving behind a lightweight and highly absorbent material. While the exact chemical composition can vary depending on the source material and production method, charcoal typically consists of around 85-98% carbon, with small amounts of hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements. Its chemical formula is often represented simply as C. Charcoal has been used for centuries as a fuel source, for cooking, heating, and in industrial processes, as well as for art materials like drawing charcoal.

Charcoal

By dry distilling (pyrolyzing) wood at a temperature between 450 and 500 °C without access to air, charcoal is produced. Various resins, acetic acid, methanol, and acetone are released during this process.

This material comes in three primary types:

• black. It is produced from soft woods such as lime, aspen, alder, willow
• red, made of conifers, by soft burning method
• white, produced from hard grades of oak, elm, hornbeam, birch firewood.

As per the official standards, charcoal is classified into three grades:

• grade A. Manufactured from softwoods
• grade B. Made of a mixture of soft and hard wood
• grade B. Created by charring wood from a mixture of soft, hard woods, and by soft roasting.

Charcoal characteristic

Indicators	Coal grade	Control method
А	Б	C, OCP 24 5571 0150
Highest grade, OKP 24 5571 0132	1 grade, OKP 24 5571 0133	1 grade, OKP 24 5571 0143	2 grade, OKP 24 5571 0144
Apparent density, g/cm3, not less than	0,37	0,37	Not standardized	GOST 7657-94, n. 4.6
Ash, masses. %, not more	2,5	3,0	2,5	3,0	4,0	GOST 7657-94, n. 4.7 and GOST 12596-67
Nonvolatile carbon, wt. %, not less	90	78	88	77	67	GOST 7657-94, p. 4.8
Water, wt. %, not more	6	6	6	6	6	GOST 16399-70, sect. 2
Coal with grains in places of loading, wt. %, not more:	GOST 7657-94, n. 4.9
size less than 25 mm	5	5	Not standardized
less than 12 mm	5	5	7	7	7
Heads, masses. %, not more	Absence	2	Absence	2	2	GOST 7657-94, p. 4.10
Weight of 1 dm3 of coal, g, not less than	210	210	Not normalized	GOST 7657-94, p. 4.11

How to make your own charcoal in a barrel

We will require a metal barrel with thick walls in order to implement a different technique. Your stock will be larger the larger it is. Never modify a petroleum product storage container for use in raw material production. Burn it out first and fill it later if there is no other choice.

There are two ways to light the barrel on fire:

There are hardly any distinctions from the analogous procedure in the pit. One clarification, though: if you use the container to a large extent (up to 200 liters), you must leave six heat-resistant bricks at the bottom. As you load them with prepared firewood, the bricks should be concealed by the coals. Next, we lay a grate over the burnt logs, and we only send the subsequent batches over it. We packed the wood firmly, leaving no space between the rows and the masonry’s components. As soon as the flame breaks the surface, a sheet of iron is placed over the filled barrel.

You can drill a hole in the container’s bottom to expedite the firing process. It will be filled with air. That being said, it is not a requirement. Keep an eye on the color of the smoke that emerges. It’s time to seal the barrel and allow it to cool if it turned blue. The only thing left to do is remove and use the coals.

In this instance, a non-combustible lid should be placed over the firewood-filled container. Allow spaces for the escape of gases. Because the temperature inside must reach 350 degrees Celsius, they are very small.

We placed the barrel on the platform; it shouldn’t be on the ground. It can be constructed using multiple bricks, with a metal sheet serving as the foundation. A fire must be started in the space between the bricks. The container will get heated by it. Its wood will eventually start to oxidize, releasing gas as a result. It is necessary to leave the barrel on the fire for two to three hours after it stops leaking, and then remove it. Every opening in the lid needs to be sealed.

Here’s how to quickly and easily make charcoal at home. Not every technique that is available and in use is represented here. Their primary drawback is that process monitoring is extremely challenging (nearly impossible with a closed barrel). The ability to pinpoint the exact moment the product is ready will only come with practice and familiarity with firing. The initial issues that arise are common for novices; the raw material is either undercooked or burns out.

Types of charcoal

Although there are many different types of charcoal available, many people mistakenly think that all of it is sold in supermarkets and gas stations. It is split up into:

1. Red. It is made from softwoods using a special technology by soft carbonization.
2. White. Hardwood such as oak, birch, elm, hornbeam, etc. is used to create it.
3. Black. Wood of soft species is used for its creation: linden, aspen, poplar, alder, willow, etc.

Many business owners only produce traditional black charcoal, but you should broaden your offerings if you want to succeed in the market. The raw materials you can obtain should serve as your guide; for example, you must use oak forests if they exist in your area. Additionally, it should be noted that GOST 7657-84 assigns three grades: A, B, and C. Try to only produce high-quality products because the higher the grade, the higher the quality of charcoal and the more willingly it will be purchased.

Note: Many business owners utilize rotten logs and various production waste from furniture and woodworking industries as raw materials. It is not advised to do this since the charcoal produced from such raw materials will be of very poor quality.

Naturally, doing this will enable you to make more money. However, if customers dislike your products, it will negatively impact the reputation of your fledgling company.

It is advisable to consider the packaging that will be used to sell the product. Paper bags and polyethylene bags with capacities ranging from 2 to 50 kg are typically used for packaging. The most common bags among consumers are those weighing 5 to 10 kg, but in order to save money on raw materials, restaurants and other businesses purchase them in 50 kg bags.

Dryer to raise the standard of the raw materials

Process technology

Acquire coal mass from wood using a method that was intuitively learned in antiquity: first, pile wood on the surface, then, dig pits. The earth was layered over the gathered wood, creating tiny holes. It was referred to as charring. Even today, the term is still used to describe a home-based, semi-artisanal production technique.

With the passage of time, technological advancements in carbonization reaction automation have made it possible to completely shut off airflow, precisely heat the reaction mass to the necessary temperatures, and preserve the stability of the thermal regime.

Kindly take note! Pyrolysis is the term for the process of producing charcoal with contemporary technology. The concurrently formed gases and liquids are extracted from the working area during mechanized thermo-destruction.

They are either burned, using the heat produced to heat the reactor, or used to make valuable products.

The gases and liquids produced in parallel are extracted from the working area during mechanized thermal destruction. They are used to extract valuable products or are burned, with the heat produced being used to heat the reactor.

Owing to the variations in the methods of producing charcoal through pyrolysis and carbonization, the standard specifies the particulars of the raw materials that can be processed.

Pyrolysis is permitted for two categories of species:

• The first is the wood of birch, beech, ash, hornbeam, elm, oak, maple;
• second – raw materials from aspen, alder, linden, poplar, willow.

For the purpose of burning charcoal, three types of wood are used: coniferous wood is used in the first group, which is also used for pyrolysis; aspen, alder, linden, poplar, and willow are used as starting materials in the second group.

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Made from wood or other organic materials, charcoal is a common fuel for cooking and heating. Charcoal is created when these materials are heated without the presence of oxygen, a process known as pyrolysis. The primary component of this charcoal is carbon, with trace amounts of oxygen and hydrogen.

Charcoal’s chemical formula is as simple as C, which stands for carbon. This indicates that the main component of charcoal is a particular arrangement of carbon atoms bound together. Charcoal’s distinctive qualities, such as its capacity to burn at high temperatures with comparatively little smoke and ash production, are attributed to this arrangement.

Understanding the composition and properties of charcoal is important for its efficient use in heating and insulation applications. Whether used in traditional fireplaces, outdoor grills, or modern heating systems, charcoal can provide a reliable source of heat while minimizing environmental impact.

To sum up, charcoal is a multipurpose and extensively utilized fuel that is produced by pyrolyzing organic materials. Because carbon makes up the majority of its chemical formula, it is an effective and sustainable solution for insulation and heating needs. Homeowners can reduce their carbon footprint and enjoy warmth and comfort by utilizing the power of charcoal.

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