Vertical wiring of the heating system of an apartment building

The heating system is essential to maintaining a comfortable and warm home. The layout and design of the heating system in apartment buildings can have a big impact on comfort and energy efficiency. The vertical wiring of the heating system is one novel strategy that is gaining popularity. There are a number of benefits to this approach over conventional horizontal layouts, including the ability to arrange pipes and radiators vertically throughout the building.

In multi-story buildings in particular, vertical wiring maximizes the use of available space within the structure. The heating system can be more streamlined and compact when pipes are run vertically rather than horizontally, needing less floor space. This is especially helpful in crowded urban areas where there is a shortage of space. Furthermore, because components are more easily accessible along the height of the building, vertical wiring facilitates easier access during maintenance and repairs.

Another important advantage of vertical wiring in apartment buildings is efficiency. The layout minimizes temperature differences between units by distributing heat more evenly throughout each floor. As a result, residents experience greater comfort, and the building’s overall energy consumption and heating expenses may decrease. Furthermore, vertical wiring provides residents with more control over individual heating zones, enabling them to customize the temperature to their liking.

Additionally, vertical wiring has benefits for the longevity and dependability of the system. Leaks and other maintenance problems are less likely to occur when piping runs are shorter and there are fewer connections. Over time, this may lead to fewer disturbances for occupants and decreased maintenance expenses for building owners. Furthermore, by decreasing pressure drops and guaranteeing more constant flow rates throughout the building, vertical layouts can improve system efficiency.

All things considered, vertical wiring of apartment building heating systems offers a viable way to increase comfort, dependability, and energy efficiency. This strategy has several advantages for building owners and residents alike by maximizing space utilization, improving distribution efficiency, and lowering maintenance needs. Vertical wiring stands out as a practical solution for improving the performance of heating systems in multi-unit dwellings, particularly as sustainability and cost-effectiveness continue to be priorities in the housing sector.

Advantages and disadvantages of horizontal pipes wiring

Two-pipe horizontal heating systems offer many advantages over vertical pipe wiring heating systems, particularly when it comes to apartment owners’ operational convenience. These are the best designs for modern multi-story buildings.

Figure 1. A heating system with two pipes.

Apartments with horizontal wiring can limit residents’ ability to independently increase the power of heating devices and account for each apartment’s unique thermal consumption. Similar heating designs offer several noteworthy benefits, even with the higher cost of some system components:

1. The operating service can disable only one apartment, for example, in the event of an accident or if necessary, replacing heating devices,.
2. Can be equipped with water meters of heat, which makes it possible to establish the most economical parameters of microclimate. For example, with a long absence, you can reduce the temperature in the room and save energy.
3. The wiring is independent of other apartments, therefore it is possible to individually design the heating of the apartment, depending on the wishes of the owner of this room. In addition, the hidden gasket and the absence of risers in the apartment are able to significantly improve the appearance of the room.
4. The maintainability of the heating system. Hidden gasket in the corrugation will make it possible, if necessary, to replace the pipe section that was damaged without opening the floor or wall structure.
5. The service of the apartment system is approximately 2 times higher due to the materials that are used (the estimated period of the service of a similar system is approximately 50 years). The use of this system is more expedient to.

Figure 2: A horizontal heating system with two pipes.

A two-pipe heating system, in which radiators can be connected to pipes in a straight line (supplying water into the radiator) or in reverse (radiators returning water), eliminates all the drawbacks of the one-pipe system. Installing identical radiators and modifying the quantity of heat carrier that each one receives—which can be done manually or automatically using thermal regulators—are both possible with a system like this.

However, because they need to be configured and adjusted, two-pipe systems are highly difficult to operate. Furthermore, they have a relatively low replacement resistance. The heating structure is typically impacted by any unapproved resident intervention, such as when they want to replace radiators.

It will be more difficult to arrange heat consumption accounting for every user with standing systems. Radiators with heat distributors are the only feasible option. It will be impossible to influence the non-payer in this situation, though. Furthermore, it is unclear who is responsible for including the unpaid heating costs for unpaid apartments.

Zoning the system is required for high-rise construction (13–17 floors). How are radiators connected to one another using horizontal wiring in a running one-pipe system?

Image 3. Heating via a vertical one-pipe system.

A single-pipe feeding line continuously passes through a number of heating devices that are all at the same level in this design (image 1). Along the highway, coolant in each radiator cools at the same time, and eventually the last heating components in the chain will have cooled down considerably.

The scheme’s primary benefit, as illustrated above, is the comparatively low cost of pipelines and their installation. Simultaneously, the one-pipe horizontal system has two serious drawbacks. The first of them helps to limit the scheme’s application area because there aren’t many options for individually controlling heat in each heating device.

The second drawback is that different sized heating devices must be used in order to ensure that the heat transfer from each radiator is roughly the same. While the latter is significantly larger, the first heating device in the chain should be relatively small in size. It follows that the room’s design will not be optimally impacted by such a circumstance. How are batteries connected in a horizontal two-pipe dead end system?

Image 4. Water heating system.

This scheme (image 2) is devoid of disadvantages that were listed above. There are two pipelines, reverse and supplies, which join heating devices. The diameters of the feed and reverse pipelines in parallel areas are coincided with the sizes of shaped parts, which simplifies the installation and design. Wiring according to this method has approximately the same water temperature at the entrance to each of the heating devices. The system can find widespread use in apartment buildings, public buildings, cottages, schools, offices, hospitals and so on. However, with a large length of the branches, it is quite difficult (and in some cases it is impossible) to adhere to individual heating devices to comply with hydraulic conditions in operation.
How batteries are connected through a dead end two -pipe horizontal system with the central highway?

Heating system for two stories.

This system is an example of a horizontal two-pipe passing system. The scheme that follows (image 3) illustrates it. The sole distinction is the installation of a two-pipe distribution line within the closed heating circuit’s premises. Branches that lead to heating appliances leave her. Pipe consumption will drop as a result.

In order to maintain the room’s architectural style, the pipeline horizontal wiring should be installed covertly, either in the concrete screed or beneath the plaster. This was not feasible until recently because steel pipelines were not maintainable enough to meet the requirements for hidden laying.

The use of polymer pipelines—which are concreteable and found beneath plaster—as well as pipelines composed of steamed polyethylene with connecting equipment on a perch sleeve allowed for the solution of this issue.

However, in two-pipe horizontal systems, the implementation of heating devices will inevitably result in pipeline intersections. This makes it challenging to implement hidden laying because the pipelines in thermal insulation may protrude from the ties or because of plaster.

All-encompassing heating for the space.

Undoubted interest, as one of the solutions, can be represented by a cross, which is offered by some manufacturers. When eyelining pipes to the heating device, this crossman allows you to get around the main pipeline, excluding the exit from the mounting plane, that is, there is no need to extort the floor under the reverse and pressure pipes of the highway.

Because of the low hydraulic resistance of the crosses, the cooled heat carrier runs a flat canal of the required living section by the supplying line. The crosses can have a heat-insulating casing installed to lessen needless heat loss and make installation easier.

The horizontal two -pipe systems are able to connect the outline of the floor heating and use the feed water temperature limiter, which can be configured for a certain value (for example, 40 ° C). If this value is exceeded, it will block the circulation of the heat carrier in the circuit. The connection of the circuits for heating the floor to high -temperature wiring can be carried out using a mixing module with a circulation pump and a mixing valve with a temperature sensor. A similar module makes the heating contours independent from the point of view of hydraulics from the main system and does not affect the hydraulic regime of this system.
How batteries are connected by a system with a distribution collector?

Heating system consisting of two pipes and horizontal pipe wiring.

According to the wiring shown in this figure (image 4), each heating device connects directly to the distribution collector using a different reverse and supply.

The stairwell or another common area can be equipped with a distribution cabinet that has a heat metering unit and a built-in distribution collector.

For instance, up to 12 heating devices can be connected to a single distribution manifold.

In contrast to other horizontal two-pipe systems, the collector scheme makes it possible to install pipes with the same diameter and makes it simple to line each heating device in accordance with the pressure.

Two-pipe heating network that is vertical.

An additional benefit of this type of system is that it allows for the abandonment of numerous, highly expensive shaped elements during the heating circuit installation process.

Collector wiring is becoming increasingly popular in buildings serving entirely different purposes, despite being slightly more expensive than traditional systems overall due to the high pipe consumption, distribution cabinet, and collector costs. This can be attributed to the benefits that were previously mentioned.

From a hydraulic perspective, connecting a passing two-pipe horizontal system is relatively simple because, provided that the loads on each heating device are relatively similar, the losses through each device will be nearly equal.

However, because the diameters of the parallel areas and the shaped parts will vary, mounting this system will be far more challenging.

Horizontal two- and single-pipe water heating system.

Some people believe that installing a single heat meter in an apartment, particularly if it’s located inside the unit, allows for some distortion of the readings to be made in order to lower the amount of money that is charged for utilities. The apartment’s hydraulic balancing components, such as counters, encourage residents to manipulate gadgets.

As of right now, the distribution cabinet is typically placed in the hallway between apartments, where all the required hardware is kept. Tenants do not have access to the cabinet, which is locked with a key all the time.

As opposed to devices that only measure the riser or heating device’s temperature, those that can measure the coolant’s flow rate are susceptible to different types of mechanical pollution. A filter is always installed on the floor input to ensure that the metering devices’ metrology cannot be violated by the trash in the heating system.

You should be aware that since every apartment has a different heat balance, you will need to configure the thermostats.

We cover a critical component of effective insulation and heating in our talk on "Vertical Wiring of the Heating System in an Apartment Building." The configuration of pipes and ducts used to move heat vertically throughout a building is referred to as vertical wiring. This layout is essential for minimizing heat loss, increasing energy efficiency, and guaranteeing consistent heating throughout all floors. We can optimize the distribution of warmth and lower energy costs and environmental impact while creating a comfortable living environment for all residents by carefully placing these heating conduits. In order to design sustainable and cozy living areas in apartment buildings, it is essential to comprehend the benefits and guiding principles of vertical wiring.

Choose a vertical heating system: wiring features, installation of radiators and batteries

How can I select the best possible heating scheme? The shortest possible pipeline length is one of the defining characteristics. Horizontal wiring is used for this quite frequently. Nonetheless, the vertical heating system works best in certain unconventional home or apartment layouts; in these cases, the wiring, radiators, and batteries need to be chosen and designed specifically for the situation.

Features of the vertical wiring scheme

Typical plan for vertical heating

What distinguishes a comparable horizontal heating system from a vertical one? Firstly, very little heat loss. The major highways’ locations guarantee this. Heat risers perform the function of a horizontal pipe in a vertical system.

In actuality, the original version’s vertical heating wiring is extremely uncommon. This is because of the way the coolant is installed and distributed throughout the entire system. When designing Khrushchevo houses, a similar plan was widely used. Installing horizontal pipe wiring was not practical due to the small areas of apartments. As a result, they created a hot water supply vertical diagram. It possesses the following qualities:

• Several thermal risers to which batteries are connected. In most cases, it was a single -pipe heating system;
• The ability to adjust the temperature regime of the radiator. This is a consequence of the characteristics of the system;
• The flow of coolant into the room was carried out in separate contours.

The vertical wiring of the heating system has several serious drawbacks, as the above diagram illustrates. For this reason, it is essentially never utilized in both contemporary multi-story residential construction and private residences.

When a camshaft is made horizontal and separate highways already diverge from it to connect radiators into the system, there are situations in which a combined scheme is appropriate. As a result, you should research whether using vertical heating wiring in a private home is wise.

It is advised to use vertical wall heating radiators with this scheme. They are ideal for such a system, despite their high cost.

Relevance for autonomous heating

An instance of a private two-story home’s vertical heating system

The process of connecting the batteries may be where the first issues arise. This is because of where the pipes are located and how the heating device is made. The majority of models are intended to be installed in horizontal systems. For this reason, professionals advise installing unique vertical wall radiators for heating.

Nonetheless, consideration should be given to the aspects of their operation. The battery will operate more efficiently the lower it is positioned. The cold air is concentrated on the floor because it has a larger mass than the warm air. The battery’s job is to heat it up. It ought to be placed as low as feasible as a result. Constructively, narrow vertical heating radiators are unable to perform this function entirely.

However, the heating system’s vertical wiring has other disadvantages as well. The radiator supply pipe can be made longer to partially solve the issue. Another issue will surface if you follow the scheme’s rules. It entails fastening vertical tubular heating radiators to the heat riser location. This is not necessary for rooms that are not very large. Nonetheless, multiple heat risers will need to be installed if the room is 40 m2 or larger and has two external walls at the same time.

In summary, the following circumstances can be identified when it makes sense to install a vertical one-pipe heating system:

• Relatively large number of floors. Usually from 5 or more;
• Relatively small area of the rooms;
• Good thermal insulation and uniform distribution of heat throughout the room.

Unfortunately, most private homes and cottages don’t have these features. Because of this, they think that installing a horizontal heating system is one of the best ways to keep the temperature at a comfortable level.

You must install a counter for each riser in older apartment buildings with a two-pipe vertical heating system that uses lower wiring for heat accounting. There can be two to five of them.

One -pipe or two -pipe system

Selecting the best scheme for water vertical heating batteries is crucial. Initially, it appears that the conventional two-pipe heating system, with its benefits, is the best option for vertical wiring. This information can only be obtained by analyzing each scheme’s operational and technical features.

One -pipe heating system

Vertical heating system with one pipe

It has sequential radiator connections and coolant circulation along a closed contour. Compared to the first battery, the water temperature in the latter will be substantially colder. It would be crucial for the horizontal system. However, because the thermal circuit is short in length, the coolant temperature in the water vertical heating batteries will remain mostly constant. One more adjustment that can be made is to add bypasses between each radiator’s input and output pipes.

The following are additional characteristics of a heating system with single-pipe vertical wiring:

• The minimum amount of consumables for installing the pipeline;
• The ability to make a gravitational system without installing a circulation pump;
• The optimal volume of the coolant. This parameter can be adjusted by choosing pipes of large or smaller diameters.

Considering these elements, the vertical one-pipe heating system was determined to be the best option for multi-story structures constructed between the 1960s and the 1980s.

Two -pipe heating system

Varieties of vertical heating systems with two pipes

Two highway circuits must be installed in order to use this system. One of them receives a hot coolant, while the other serves as the reverse pipeline.

Furthermore, since the connections between vertical steel heating radiators happen in parallel, they ought to be placed close to one another. This results in a significant increase in the volume of water required, which impacts the system’s hydrodynamic resistance. For vertical heating, two-pipe wiring is frequently completed with a forced coolant supply. Strong circulation pumps and control devices like air vents and expansion membrane tanks are installed for this purpose.

A two-pipe vertical heating system with lower wiring is incredibly uncommon in real life. This is because of particular operational characteristics and the complexity of the installation. One major benefit of such a plan, according to experts, is the low likelihood of air traffic congestion.

For a two or three story building with a large area, combined heating wiring with a horizontal coolant supply in vertical risers will be ideal. This reduces the likelihood of air plugs developing in the system.

Select a radiator for vertical wiring

Methods for connecting radiators

Vertical water heating batteries are hard to find for the systems mentioned above. This is because there aren’t many ways to link them to the plan. One-sided upper and lower pipe locations will result in the radiator’s maximum heat transfer.

When it comes to vertical tubular heating radiators, the mounting nodes’ placement on one side is typically characteristic. The intricate plan is thought to be the most efficient in terms of how hot water is distributed throughout the design.

Accuro-Korle

Radiator Accuro-Kle CAFTAN

At the moment, this is among the most well-known producers of wall-type vertical radiators. One characteristic of its models is how Hi-Tech style is predominant. The CAFTAN radiator line is a visually striking illustration of one such design solution. They are able to carry out both the heated and the heating device’s functions. At the moment, the typical cost of CAFTAN ranges from 30 to 43 thousand rubles.

An example of a tubular water vertical heating battery is the escape model. Radiator access is possible in practically any bathroom or hallway thanks to a rigidly traditional design. It is slightly less expensive—between 23 and 34 thousand rubles—than CAFTAN. with identical technical attributes.

Radiator Accuro-Korle Escape

Apart from this renowned producer, there exist multiple dependable vendors of these radiators: CAFTAN (Turkey), Kermi (Germany), and Jaga (Belgium). Unfortunately, there is no such thing as an economy vertical battery market. Creating a design that is similar on your own is the only way out. Its technical specs, however, will be far less than those of factory models. This contributes to the unpopularity of the heating system’s vertical wiring.

Does a vertical heating system have to be prioritized? The cost of the wiring, batteries, radiators, and other components will be high, and installation has several serious drawbacks. The most important thing is to determine whether or not its installation is appropriate for you. It can be used for a tiny apartment complex that has its own heating system. However, all of the necessary computations must be done first.

An illustration of a vertical two-pipe heating system in an administrative building is shown in the video:

Vertical and horizontal wiring of the heating system

The kind of heating system in a home or apartment directly affects the amount of heat supply. The horizontal heating systems with one or two pipes are the most popular designs.

Types of wiring

The heating system’s device

Every apartment’s heating system is connected in accordance with a specific scheme. The wiring in the pipeline may be horizontal or vertical.

The primary sunbed passes through the basement in the first instance. Smaller diameter pisces, which are connected to the apartment’s pipes and radiators, leave it. The primary benefits of vertical wiring are its affordability and ease of use.

Vertical wiring

An upper or lower wiring can be used in a one-pipe vertical system. Each species has unique physical characteristics. The supply pipeline is installed in the attic or on the technical floor when a single-pipe vertical system with upper wiring of the pipes is being installed. The apartments are supplied with coolant via a series of risers that are connected sequentially from a sunbed.

A system like that is static. It won’t operate if you scale it by installing regulators and adjusting the number of radiators. Although installing a lot of heating devices is necessary, it can save pipes during installation. Single-pipe vertical systems work well for projects that allow the coolant to circulate naturally.

A feed pipeline and a return are features of a two-pipe system with lower wiring. They are placed either on the floor’s surface or within it, like in the screed. When using this kind of system, the coolant gets into each battery on its own. Not without subtleties and a plan like this. There needs to be a crane on each radiator so that air can be lowered.

Two-pipe systems are part of adjustable schemes, in contrast to single-pipe systems. This kind of communication design lets you turn off any heating device connected to the network. They do not have radiators, but the pipeline will be substantially longer overall than in a single-pipe scheme. There is another subtlety to the two-pipe system in apartment buildings. In this location, installing a single heat meter is nearly impossible. Additionally, first-floor residents benefit most from the use of common-house heat meters.

Horizontal wiring

The supply riser that runs through every floor is the foundation of horizontal wiring. Separate apartments receive heat from suns that are connected to the riser. Because there is a significant amount of heat loss at the riser when using horizontal wiring, care must be taken to insulate it. In mines with specialized equipment, risers are frequently installed to minimize heat loss as much as possible.

Single-pipe systems are only useful for heating a limited number of buildings. Therefore, they are hardly ever mounted in residential buildings. A two-pipe horizontal system is ideal for providing heat to apartment buildings.

The installation of a two -pipe heating system in general terms is as follows:

• The supply pipe and return are laid from the main feeding riser for each floor, and radiators are connected.
• On all radiators, without exception, shut -off valves is mounted.

The ability to phase in or out of heat is a significant benefit of the plan. You can place sunbeds in the screed flooring. Radiators with a lower connection can be used with this kind of arrangement. All of this has an impact on apartments’ aesthetic appeal in addition to their ability to supply heat. It is impossible to overlook another crucial detail: the ability to install individual heat meters.

Despite all of its clear benefits, the system is not flawless. The challenge is in having to install compensators along a sizable portion of the highway’s alignment. Because shut-off valves and air cranes must be installed on every radiator, without exception, the system’s overall operation is also difficult.

Collective wiring

Wiring diagram for heating in a private residence

It is noteworthy to mention another widely used wiring scheme, which is a two-pipe collector poetry system, separately. The installation of the feed and reverse collectors on every floor accounts for its uniqueness. Similar to the previously mentioned option, a standard feed riser serves as the system’s central component. It is acceptable to install multiple risers in a home with a large number of users. Each floor has two supply and reverse collectors installed, and pipelines already run from them to the radiators carrying coolant.

The collector poetry scheme has a substantial pipeline length in contrast to traditional options. The installation of a project of this nature is more costly than standard options because the circuit is installed using metal and plastic pipes.

Crucial! In spite of this limitation, collector schemes are easier to use and far more effective than other options in terms of operational features. Because of this, they are becoming more and more common in both single-family and multi-story construction.

A two-pipe collector system ensures that every room receives the same amount of heat. It is important to keep in mind the single-pipe scheme’s operating principle for comparison. They have a single pipe for both the supply and exhaust of heat, and their radiators are connected in parallel. The coolant cools down as the pipeline passes through it. Therefore, the water in the radiators will be colder and will be below the room’s air temperature the farther away the radiators are from the supply pipe. Regulators cannot be installed in these types of connection schemes. It is therefore impossible to obtain consistent heating, even within the same apartment.

By using two-pipe schemes, you can reduce this disadvantage. The return system releases the cooled coolant. Since water does not cool when it moves from one radiator to another, the temperature will be roughly the same in every room. The apartment’s most comfortable microclimate is created by these thermal indicators. It is important to remember that these systems allow temperature controllers to be installed. And this results in savings and frugal spending of money in addition to comfort. Installing a costly collector scheme typically pays for itself in two to three heating seasons.

Features of the collector scheme

The process of installing heating systems

The following are significant variations between two -pipe radiation (collector) systems:

• The flexibility and scalability of the scheme.
• The ability to install thermostat on each radiator.
• The need to ensure forced circulation of the coolant using circulation pumps.
• Each circuit is a separate system that has additional equipment and automation.
• The installation of air detergents on radiators is not required.
• High reliability of the system, reducing the number of accidents and leaks.
• High resistance to hydraulic boards.

1. Questions of aesthetics

We could spend a great deal of time discussing the operational and financial benefits of horizontal two-pipe collector systems, but there is one more benefit that should not be overlooked: aesthetics. Comfort is something that modern man values. If not with the designer’s help, then at least with the newest design trends, even low-cost repairs are completed. The apartment’s riser system is ill-suited to the contemporary style. The problem of risers in older homes is compounded by a serious issue: persistent leaks that can destroy even the most expensive and well-planned repair.

The process of installing heating systems

All pipelines are installed in the floor screed in two pipe collector schemes. Not only do they not detract from the apartment, but they are also completely invisible. Modern materials, such as plastic and metal, make it possible to lay pipes in a screed. They are impervious to corrosion, unafraid of freezing temperatures, and even coolant freezing.

Because heat regulators can be installed, horizontal radiation schemes also give you the opportunity to provide extremely high levels of comfort in every room. Depending on the outside weather, the house’s temperature is controlled. As a result, the system has a high energy efficiency.

Aspect	Details
Advantages	Space-saving, easier maintenance, less risk of damage
Disadvantages	Potential for uneven heating, limited access for repairs

In terms of effectiveness, use of available space, and upkeep, vertical heating system wiring in apartment buildings has many benefits. Heat is distributed more evenly throughout the building when the layout is vertical, meaning that all floors are kept warm enough to avoid using excessive amounts of energy.

The space-saving nature of vertical wiring is one of its main advantages. Vertical wiring combines the heating infrastructure into a single, efficient system, in contrast to conventional horizontal systems, which call for substantial piping to run along each floor. This facilitates installation and maintenance procedures while also freeing up important interior space in the building.

Vertical wiring not only maximizes space efficiency but also reduces heat loss, which leads to energy savings. Heat has less chance of escaping along the distribution network when there are fewer connections and shorter piping routes. As a result, heat is transferred from the central heating source to the individual units more effectively, resulting in lower energy consumption overall and lower utility costs for the residents.

Additionally, vertical wiring makes maintenance easier and increases system reliability. The heating infrastructure can be more conveniently centralized, making it easier for technicians to access and keep an eye out for any problems or inefficiencies. By taking a proactive approach to maintenance, homeowners can avoid expensive repairs and downtime and enjoy continuous comfort all year long.

In conclusion, installing vertical wiring for the heating system in apartment buildings offers a workable way to boost productivity, make better use of available space, and make maintenance easier. Vertical wiring provides a compelling alternative to conventional horizontal setups by optimizing heat distribution, minimizing energy loss, and streamlining system management, ultimately improving the overall comfort and sustainability of multi-story residential complexes.