Types of piles

For a home to be stable and last a long time, the foundation you choose is essential, especially in areas where severe weather is common. Using piles is a common method for laying a strong foundation. To support a structure’s weight, piles are long, thin columns driven deeply into the ground. They can be made of steel, concrete, or wood.

There are various kinds of piles available, and each has special qualities and benefits of its own. Knowing the various varieties can assist homeowners in selecting the one that best fits their unique requirements and circumstances.

For instance, one of the earliest and most widely utilized kinds is the wooden pile. Constructed from diverse wood varieties, including hardwood or timber, these piles are reasonably priced and simple to erect. But over time, they might be vulnerable to deterioration, particularly in damp or termite-prone areas.

In contrast to wooden piles, concrete piles provide more strength and durability. They are built by either driving precast concrete piles into the ground or pouring concrete into holes that have already been drilled. Concrete piles can be used in a variety of soil conditions due to their resistance to rot, insects, and other environmental factors.

Another well-liked option is steel piles, which are renowned for their remarkable strength and adaptability. Usually constructed of steel tubes or beams, these piles are driven into the ground with the aid of specialized machinery. Steel piles are appropriate for both residential and commercial construction projects because they can tolerate harsh environmental conditions and are perfect for supporting heavy loads.

Innovative options like screw piles and helical piles are available in addition to these conventional pile types. Because of their screw-like design, these piles can be installed more easily in challenging soil conditions, like those with high water tables or dense clay.

In the end, a number of variables, such as the soil’s characteristics, financial limitations, and structural requirements, will determine the type of pile that is selected. Homeowners can guarantee the stability and longevity of their home’s foundation by making informed decisions by being aware of the various pile types and their corresponding benefits.

Concrete Piles	Wooden Piles
Steel Piles	Screw Piles

Device device from piles

This structural component is a unique rod that is intended to be submerged in the ground.

First, let’s examine the features of the piles. This structural component is a unique rod that is intended to be submerged in the ground. Usually, the completed part has pointed upward and is left in the ground. If I pierce it with my hands, I’ll need to use a drill to drill holes, then place the reinforcement and add solution to the hole. The manufacturing process divides this construction element:

• Material;
• Manufacturing method;
• Form: longitudinal or transverse;
• The method of immersion.

The following is the classification based on the technique of submerging piles in the earthen cover:

• Cutting piles – this species, is installed by the method of clogging with vibration loaders;
• A stuffed look – is created from reinforced concrete or concrete and drilled wells, which are poured with concrete;
• Drill piles made of reinforced concrete material, which is mounted in a broken well;
• Screw type that must be installed with your own hands. Installation method – twisting piles like a drill.

There are various types of soil influence methods. These include:

• Hanging piles. Their ability to spread loads is manifested due to the assistance of the soil and the lateral part of this type.
• Piles – racks. This device is characterized by transporting the load to the most durable soil section. The advantage of this foundation is the ability to maximize atmospheric precipitation.

Another classification using the same standard as pilings is as follows:

• A single form, which is characterized by an independent support not connected to any other mounts;
• Type collective. This type is characterized by the combination of several strongholds into tape, which are placed in parallel to the walls where the entire load is distributed. It is worth noting that such tapes can be installed in one or many lines.
• Bushes from piles. The so -called bushes can form, which are located under the frame columns. Their feature, the fact that these compounds can form at several points of the perimeter.

Types of reinforced concrete piles: These pile foundations can be constructed on the construction site itself, but special tools are required for the job.

• Types of reinforced concrete piles – these types of pile foundations can be built directly at the site of the construction facility, but for this process specialized equipment is needed. It is worth noting that the brand of concrete should be higher than 200. Service of these grillages – more than a century.
• Models of steel grillages. Such types have a fairly large number of disadvantages. Firstly, installation is performed by a large number of specialized equipment. And secondly, there is a need to process the metal with special anti-corrosion substances.
• Piles made of wood. The type of such grillages is even peeled pillars. Their dimensions are equal in a diameter of 0.3 meters, and in length up to 9 meters. For their manufacture, coniferous wood is used – this is the cheapest option, but it is rarely applied in practice. This is because such material is subject to decay processes.

The design of screw piles

Contrary to popular assumption, the purpose of screw steel piles (SVS) was not to save construction costs, but rather to ensure that the foundation’s forces would be compensated for and that the lower supporting layers would be easily achieved. For low-rise construction, screw piles come in a variety of forms, but they all basically have the same design:

• The body is a seamless pipe (4 – 4.5 mm wall), usually from steel steel, the maximum resource has structures from steel 30xm, wall thickness of 6 – 10 mm;
• blades – weld on the body or have the form of an independent tip (welding, casting) welded to the pile of.

A similar design serves multiple purposes: during immersion, the blades convert torque into longitudinal movement, compensating for horizontal efforts and guaranteeing the geometry’s stability. You can thus build on perpetually free, feeble, and mushroom soils at your home’s SVS.

Varieties of screw piles

1. Screw pile types in rice.

Prior to selecting screw piles for the house’s foundation, one must review the requirements of SNiP standards from 1985 at number 2.02.03 (design of pile fields), or more specifically, the most recent edition of 2011 – SP 24.13330 – in order to determine the base’s bearing capacity.

There are different kinds of SVS for different structures:

• narrow -lobed – a multi -link analogue of a screw, a cast tip is connected to the pile of welding, for permafrost, options with teeth along the perimeter of the lower cut are used (rice. 1, Var. 4), for soils with a high content of stones, fragments and dense rocks, pointed tips are used (rice. 1, Var. 3);
• Wide -blade – one casting lobe with 1–1.5 climb (rice. 1, Var. 1);
• multi -lobed – several lengths in length for improved reinforcement, compensation for vertical movements (rice. 1, Var. 2).

The maximum number of storeys for a low-rise building is three levels plus an attic, and these buildings can only be constructed on multi-lobed SVS. Depending on the type of soil, single-lobed modifications with a wide screw or a narrow spiral at the tip are appropriate for light buildings. There is standard marking available for screw piles:

• SVS – welded tip;
• VSL – a cast tip;
• SVK-conical modification, can be indicated by SVS-K;
• SVP-the design is supplemented with a peak, warrants of the designation of SVS-P;
• WAU – screw type anchor device (prefabricated structure).

Screw pile casting tip.

Manufacturers create complicated configurations with alternating diameter piles to address particular issues:

• Series Z – a screw anchor for light structures;
• Series T is the clock plate with mounting holes;
• Series U-P-shaped head;
• Serya F – round flange;
• Series R – square flange.

The SVS and SVL have standard diameters of 57 to 325 mm. Special series products have a maximum size of 159 mm. The marking reflects the pile type, barrel diameter, wall thickness, blade size, and overall length of the product in a sequential manner. There are advantages to identifying specific manufacturers. Fundex, for instance, follows a standard designation (two, one blade, respectively) with F1, F2.

The screw pile scheme.

For the army’s needs, the strongest SVL with the following features was created in the middle of the 20th century:

• cast tip;
• screw 14 mm, 6 mm (near the cone, from the edge, respectively);
• Seamless pipe (ST20);
• Hot zing (140 – 200 microns).

Since these products are still in use with the declared 100–180 year resource, the actual operational period is still unknown.

The field of use

Stairs on piles of screws.

70% of the time, individual developers are unaware that the SVS can be used to create the foundations for the following structures, greatly cutting down on construction time, in addition to supporting cottages and baths:

• noise -screen screens, fences;
• arbors, greenhouses, small architectural forms;
• strengthening of monolithic foundations (stove, tape);
• delays, anchors, lamp pillars;
• temporary structures with the possibility of dismantling (attractions, pavilions);
• bridges, berths, strengthening slopes;
• Advertising structures.

The NNUP standards offer comprehensive guidance on selecting screw piles for particular operating environments. It is advised to paint the products with specialized anti-corrosion LKM for increased dependability.

Metal piles

An I-beam, a channel, or a pipe are used as rolling profiles for piles. At times, they arrive already prepared. This is accomplished by welding two channels together to create a square pipe.

Additionally, a pile may be an open area. They are double, rail, and corner welded.

When installing reinforced concrete piles is not possible, metal is utilized. As it gets deeper into the ground, increasing it gets easier.

Because of their great strength, metal profiles are easier to clog into the ground. Solid inclusions or destroyed rock soils are not too bad for a small cross section.

Using a hammer or press, piles are compacted into the earth. Using a manual hammer is adequate down to a maximum depth of five meters.

Screw piles are unique kinds of piles found in metal products. They are more cost-effective and technologically advantageous than reinforced concrete foundations while still offering great strength. Hollow pipes with outer blades are called piles. Like screws, they are inserted into the ground to maintain its structure and to further compact. To avoid making the base’s properties worse in this situation, rotation in the other direction is prohibited.

Installation of a grillage

Nothing can be built solely on stilts. It is necessary to create a grillage, which unifies piles into a single design and provides the framework for building the walls.

Grillages can be prefabricated and monolithic, consisting of a slab that covers every pile or beams that are supported by stilts.

When using prefabricated grillages, there should be a very high degree of accuracy in the piles’ immersion. Deviations in horizontal piles should not be greater than or equal to 0.05 m, and in vertical piles, 0.01 m. Large deviations are permitted by the combined grillages device because the pile foundation node is constructed using a removable formwork and a monolithic design.

Low and high grillages. A bunch is placed over the free space between the Earth’s surface and the grillage during the construction of a high grillage (outer wall between piles). Low grillages can be submerged in or in contact with the soil, but this choice is limited to non-poudy soils.

Advantages and disadvantages of pile foundations

There are benefits to using pile foundations:

• Pile foundations can be built on soils of any complexity;
• the volume of earthwork is reduced, since it is not necessary to dig pits or dig trenches;
• the consumption of concrete and reinforcement is reduced by reducing the entire volume of the foundation;
• Fundamental work can be done all year round, not excluding the winter period;
• Designs built on pile foundations are particularly resistant to floods, soil movements due to winter swelling.

But even with all of their benefits, pile foundations are incredibly uncommon in single-family home construction because of the high cost of pile delivery transportation and pile equipment.

There are various indicators that classify foundations, depending on:

• from the sight of piles;
• from the location of the piles – separate -state piles located by a bush, a strip location, a continuous field of piles;
• from the type of mating pile with a building under construction, with or without a grillage device;
• From the type of grillage – tall or low;
• from the design of the grillage – monolithic, assembly or combined;
• From the type of connection of the grillage with piles – hard, free reinforcement, with the device of seismic belts.

The most popular kind of pile foundations are reinforced concrete piles, which combine the advantages of piles and hanging piles.

Pile-slab foundations are used when building multi-story frame buildings. The designers made this choice because there is a risk of soil movement during earthquakes in locations with unstable seismic conditions. The fundamental goal of this engineering innovation is to provide the piles and reinforced concrete slab with the requisite rigidity to guarantee the joint deformation of the foundation elements under seismic loads.

The bush method is used to arrange the piles, and then a grillage is created with the reinforcement released in order to fasten a thin slab of reinforced concrete later on. The arrangement of a hermetic seam between the grillage and the concrete slab guarantees the building’s independence from precipitation, waterproofs the structure, and adapts to seismic shifts in the surrounding soil.

Compared to other types of piles, the pile of a brownish foundation is most frequently utilized in the construction of individual residential buildings because of its affordability and streamlined technology. Small buildings with shallow solid soil occurrences can even manually drill wells beneath piles using specialized drills or excavate pits to the necessary depth.

In any event, less excavation will be required than in the case of a monolithic or prefabricated tape foundation.

It is not possible to display the formwork if the soil is solid and does not crumble. If not, the well is filled with roofing material, plastic film, or cardboard in the shape of a roll, into which the reinforcing cage has already been inserted, and concrete is then poured into concrete.

If a house is provided, a rash is used to create the pile foundation for the columns. Finished designs are used as reinforced concrete glasses, heads, or nozzles for columns.

Pile construction is used for small buildings such as fences, canopies, and frame houses. This is an obstruction of a square or circular section that continues the column in the section of the building or structure that is above ground. It is not necessary to set up a grillage in this situation.

Classification of structural elements and construction technology

Typical foundation for pile-rowing.

Piles – species and features

It is possible to distinguish between piles made of metal, wood, and reinforced concrete based on their manufacturing material:

The primary use of wood is in the construction of structures made of the same material, such as baths, arbors, and outbuildings. More robust foundations are typically used when building residential buildings. To maximize strength and bearing capacity, pillars can be installed singly or in groups of three to four.

Metal piles can be screwed or clogged, though the latter is more typical. A screw pile is a submersible metal pipe with a screw blade for screwing that is shaped like a cone. It is possible to cast or weld the cone-shaped tip. Because cast piles do not have a weld, which weakens it, they are more dependable and long-lasting. Concrete must be poured into the pipe cavity during installation, and the steel product must pass the anti-corrosion coating processing. Such a foundation may be in operation for up to 400 years.

Pile construction using reinforced concrete can be done on-site (stuffed) or at the business (clogging).

Clogged piles with reinforced concrete.

Pile classification is based on the installation technique and includes the following categories:

1. Clogged. Installation is carried out using special equipment – pile -up machines, vibration loaders and equipment, which installation by pressing the pillar into the soil. When using this type of piles, earthwork may not be carried out at all, or only sod is removed.
2. Rifle. Are installed by screwing, manually using the Kabestan, or, in mass construction, using special equipment.
3. Buronaby. Installation is three stages: drilling well, installation of siege pipes with reinforcement and concreting.

Grillage – classification and features

Among the grillage foundation options.

Based on the materials used in grillage manufacture, there are:

• reinforced concrete flood;
• wooden;
• from ready-made reinforced concreteies;
• metal.

Based on where it is in relation to the soil:

• hanging (equipped at some distance from the ground);
• shallow (plunged into the soil to a small depth);
• buried (thoroughly immersed in the ground; they perform not only binding functions, but also participate in the distribution of loads on the soil along with piles).

Timber-framed grillage.

Construction is the most common use for construction grillages. The building is raised above the ground, and the installation is inexpensive and straightforward.

Seldom is a foundation with buried grillage utilized; in fact, its layout and structure resemble a base in the strip form, supported only by piles. This indicates that there are several steps involved in the installation process, such as excavating the foundation pit, setting up a drainage sand pillow, and t.D.

Pile installation is preceded by preparatory work.

Stage 1 – preparatory

Contains:

• geological research;
• calculation of subsequent loads and layout of piles;
• Drawing up a project and the necessary drawings.

Stage 2 – Preparation of the territory

Marking the foundation of a pile.

Contains:

• cleaning the area for construction;
• removal of the upper soil layer (if necessary);
• The marking of the territory according to the layout – the locations of internal and external piles are noted.

Stage 3 – installation of piles

Clogging the ground’s reinforced concrete pile.

Contains:

• Installation of pillars using pile equipment;
• aligning the aboveground part of the pillars by cutting to the desired level.

• drilling holes;
• installation of pipes and reinforcement;
• Concreting.

Cutting reinforced concrete piles

Finished reinforced concrete piles that are prone to clogging are shipped from factories to construction sites. Design, cross-section, length, reinforcement, and concrete brand are factors that normalize them.

Classified by the method of reinforcement:

• piles with unstable longitudinal reinforcement with transverse reinforcement,
• with pre -tense longitudinal reinforcement, with transverse reinforcement and without it.

• solid,
• Compound (from separate sections)

In geometry heels:

• pointed (with tip),
• Dumb (no point).

After blocking the first lower section, which is already finalizing to the full length, separate sections of the component piles are connected using a special joint of the "glass" and fixed with a bolt connection or welding.

The conditional variety of brownish piles consists of sections that are square or round, hollow or continuous, whole or composite, and submerged in previously drilled leadership wells.

The following primary categories of cut piles are produced in compliance with GOST 19804-2012 "Pile Reinforced Concrete Factory Manufacturing":

C is a composite, whole square continuous section with transverse reinforcement (Series 1.011.1-10);

SP is a square cross-section with a round cavity that is integral, has no anger, and is more cost-effective because less concrete is used during manufacture. The wall thickness ranges from 40 to 65 mm, depending on the brand of concrete (not less than M200), and the level of reinforcement is either successful or ineffective ( GOST 19804.3);

SK-hollow round cross section, solid and composite, uninhabited reinforcement, 400-800 mm diameter, no ear (series 3.501.1);

CO-piles—solid, composite shells with unstable reinforcement that have a diameter of 1000–3000 mm—Series 3.501.1;

1cd-piles-porcinas with a square solid cross section and an east dual console that are situated along the building’s extreme axes (GOST 19804.7-83);

2SD is the same and is situated along the building’s middle axes;

SC stands for square continuous section, whole, with strained reinforcement in the pile’s center and no transverse barrel reinforcement (GOST 19804.4).

Depending on the ground conditions of the construction site and the designs of the subshundant parts of the structures, different areas of application determine the nomenclature of clogging reinforced concrete piles. When compared to other varieties, ready-made clogging reinforced concrete piles offer a number of important benefits, including low cost, low immersion cost, easy-to-use equipment, and minimal personnel qualification requirements. The majority of pile foundations are constructed solely for their use.

Preferring pile types that satisfy the construction budget requirements, subject to all calculated parameters, are based on the cost-minimization principle. The selection of supports for the foundation installation can also be influenced by the local conditions of the construction site. A grillage, or foundation plate, marks the end of the pile foundation.

Piles

Diesel mill pile used in a dilling railway installation

The traditional plan calls for applying shots with a hammer by its heading to a design rejection or reaching a project depth in order to clog a vertically installed pile. A hammer on the base machine creates the pile to be piled up (copper installation, pile). A caterpillar crane, a bulldozer, or a car with improved cross-country capability is the fundamental apparatus.

The most popular, simple to use, and reasonably priced hammer is a coprian diesel-youth attachment that is mounted on the base machine’s mast. His influence is not controlled during the procedure. However, the hydraulic hammer is more adaptable and can quietly adjust the blow’s force while in use.

Using a hydraulic hammer, duplicate the installation

Both the noise level and the necessity of adhering to pile work for the nearby buildings’ foundations are crucial in densely populated areas. Vibro-consumption and pressing are two alternatively clogging unstressed methods of immersion of piles that can be used to comply with this requirement for clogging piles. Vibration loading is more than twice as expensive, and pressing is 2.5 times more expensive.

Pushing piles in wintertime Moscow

Cheaper piles are utilized for immersion by pressing without additional reinforcement because the column’s head does not need to be shielded from blows by the pile’s hammer. Due to a notable decline in the rejection of pile elements, diving points are also decreased, which lowers costs.

Advantages and disadvantages

pros

1. Installation of the pile foundation will not take much time.
2. If the marking of the pile field is made correctly and quality material was chosen, the service life of the screw piles will be several decades.
3. If you know how to build a design correctly, there will be a minimum of expenses.
4. It can be built in almost any area and under any climate, including in a swamp or in places where it is always cold.
5. The temperature of the soil at a depth is always stable, and does not affect the installation of structures in winter.
6. Engineering communications can be mounted both during and after building the foundation.

Minuses

1. The pile field does not fulfill its function if the soil can move horizontally or swells. To determine the soil, geological research should be carried out.
2. In the process, there are problems with the installation of the basement. The gap between the piles must be filled out. This is extra expenses.
3. Any material is corroded. It all depends on the environment. High -quality materials have special coatings to provide protection for many years. But they are not eternal either. And sometimes it is precisely such protection measures that cause corrosion. Some soils may contain chemical elements that, when in contact with protective materials, can cause a breakdown of the foundation.
4. It is almost impossible to build in a rocky or stone area, even in the presence of special machines.
5. It is necessary to install a water disposal system. It is expensive.
6. Problems may arise when installing next to other houses. This can be avoided using special equipment.

You must weigh all of the drawbacks of current design options when selecting a foundation. If not, there may be issues with the house’s pile foundation. The need for pile foundations is increasing annually.

In the realm of house heating and insulation, understanding the various types of piles is crucial for a sturdy foundation. Piles are the structural elements driven into the ground to support buildings. They come in different materials like concrete, steel, or timber, each with its own advantages and best applications. Concrete piles, for instance, are durable and suitable for heavy structures, while steel piles offer strength and flexibility. Timber piles, on the other hand, are cost-effective but may require treatment against decay. Whether it"s driven, bored, or screw piles, each type has its unique characteristics, making it essential to choose the right one based on factors like soil conditions, load requirements, and budget constraints. By understanding the types of piles available, homeowners can ensure a solid foundation for their heating and insulation efforts, ultimately leading to a more comfortable and energy-efficient home.

Varieties of design structures

Materials used to make piles include:

• Reinforced concrete. The most common option. The installation of reinforced concrete foundations is the most simple, as it involves the use of the drilling method in which the pile structure is created directly in the ground. It is also possible to install finished reinforced concrete structures with screw cuts.
• Metal. Metal piles are represented by slavelers, pipes, welded rails and double. They are distinguished by simplicity by installation in the ground and are used where reinforced concrete structures cannot be mounted. The main disadvantage of such piles is the exposure of corrosion. Metal pipes can be hollow, and can be filled with concrete mixture.
• Tree. Coniferous wood or oak rocks are used as raw materials. Wooden piles are able to withstand the load of medium force, as a rule, they are used in the conditions of permafrost, where the processes of rotting are significantly slowed down. In other regions, the use of wooden foundations is limited, since the effect of moisture accelerates their decay and reduces the life of.

Metal screw piles.

The sections that follow are highlighted:

• Square.
• Round hollow and filled.
• Rectangular.
• Taurus (in the form of the letter "T").
• I -beam (similar in shape with the letter "H").

The piles’ support heels expand to strengthen the design, but it is also possible to install them without expanding. Heels that are supportive can be:

• Raging with a bite to borrow the face.
• Appropriate.
• Camouflage – the heel expands with the help of a chemical or electric explosion.

For optimal efficiency and comfort, select the proper kind of pile for the heating and insulation requirements of your home. Every option, including piles made of concrete and wood, has pros and cons of its own.

Because they are inexpensive and simple to install, timber piles are a popular option. They can support numerous homes adequately and are not harmful to the environment. But over time, they might be vulnerable to insect damage and decay, so regular upkeep is necessary to assure their longevity.

For larger structures and locations where soil movement is a possibility, concrete piles are the best option due to their unparalleled strength and durability. Even though they might cost more up front, in the long run they might be more affordable due to their durability and low maintenance needs.

Another choice is steel piles, which are renowned for their durability and adaptability. They are adaptable to a range of soil conditions and can be readily reinforced or adjusted as needed. However, in some environments, they might be prone to corrosion, necessitating protective coatings or routine inspections.

In the end, a number of variables, including soil conditions, financial constraints, and long-term maintenance considerations, determine the type of pile to use. Selecting the best solution for your unique requirements can be ensured by speaking with a licensed engineer or contractor.

Video on the topic

Metal vs reinforced concrete piles. WHAT"S BETTER? / Compare screw and clogging piles under the foundation

Binding of screw piles. Types of strapping. Appointment, necessity.

Basics and foundations. Lecture 5. Types of piles and pile foundations.

Varieties of piles. What are piles and what are the advantages of them?

Comparison of piles for the construction of a country house. Reinforced concrete, screw, brownish, TISE.