Types of caloriece for supply ventilation and their device

Insulation and heating are essential components that help keep our homes cozy and warm. However, keeping the heat in isn’t the only thing that goes into creating a comfortable indoor atmosphere; adequate ventilation is also essential. The utilization of caloriece technology in supply ventilation systems is crucial for attaining optimal indoor air quality and energy efficiency.

Caloriece systems, sometimes referred to as energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) or heat recovery ventilators (HRVs), are made to recover heat energy from outgoing air while exchanging stale indoor air for fresh outdoor air. By avoiding the loss of important heat during ventilation, particularly in colder climates, this procedure aids in maintaining a balanced indoor climate.

There are several kinds of calorie counting systems out there, and each has special benefits and features. When choosing the best option for their unique needs, homeowners can make more informed decisions if they are aware of the differences between these systems.

The heat recovery ventilator (HRV), which works by transferring heat from the outgoing stale air to the incoming fresh air through a heat exchanger, is one popular kind of caloriece system. Because of this, HRVs are especially effective in colder climates where keeping indoor temperatures warm is essential. They also allow for the refreshing of indoor air without causing significant heat loss.

Energy recovery ventilators (ERVs), on the other hand, move moisture as well as heat between the inbound and outgoing air streams. Because of their ability to control indoor humidity, ERVs are particularly advantageous in areas where there are significant seasonal variations in temperature.

Water calorifer: design features

When compared to their electric counterparts, water calorifers for supply ventilation are more cost-effective because they require three times less energy to heat the same volume of air while offering significantly better performance. The connection to the central heating system results in savings. It is simple to establish the required temperature balance with the thermostat.

Efficiency is increased by automatic control. A water calorifier’s supply ventilation system acts as a management and emergency situation diagnostic tool without the need for extra modules.

The system is made up of the following components:

• Temperature sensors of street and reverse water, supply air and the degree of pollution of the filters.
• Shutters (for recirculation and air).
• Heater valve.
• Circulation pump.
• Capillary thermostat of freezing protection.
• Fans (exhaust and supply) with the control mechanism.
• Expanding fan control.
• Fire alarm.

The 60 cm x 35 cm, row-2 water channel heater, designed with galvanized steel, is meant to be used with air conditioning and ventilation systems.

There are three types of water and steam calorifiers available:

• Smooth steel: a large number of hollow tubes are located close to each other; The heat transfer is small.
• Loaded: ribbed tubes increase the area of heat transfer.
• Bimetallic: pipe and collectors made of copper, aluminum nutrition. The most effective model.

Types of calorifiers

Since the calorifer will be placed directly inside the ventilation duct, it needs to fit the mine’s dimensions. Three types of caloris are distinguished based on the heat carrier used in the heater:

1. Water.
2. Steam.
3. Electric.

Water

Although round models are also available, heaters with rectangular cross sections are the most common.

The apparatus is made up of covers, detachable side panels, and rows of tubes.

The tube system circulates water, but it may also contain ethylene glycol.

The unit is connected to the building’s heating system through side holes, the size of which needs to be confirmed at the time of purchase.

The air that travels through the heater must meet certain specifications:

• It should not include solid particles, fibers or sticky substances.
• Dusting – less than 0.5 mg/m3.
• The minimum temperature at the input is -20 ° C.

Additionally, the device’s performance (measured in m3/h) must be chosen. The rooms will be cold and the air conditioner won’t work if this indicator isn’t working properly.

In the event that installing the heater with the necessary power is not feasible, you can mount multiple low-power devices one after the other in a sequential manner.

Steam

Since steam is a byproduct of production, they are mostly utilized in industrial settings. Steam califfers are marked with the highest pressure that they can tolerate. Usually, this ranges from 0.5 to 1.2 PA.

The design of water and steam callerifers

You can use the same heater for water and steam.

Three different types of devices exist:

1. Smoothbug.
2. Plastic.
3. Bimetallic.

• Smooth steamers consist of many thin hollow tubes close to each other. Minus: the heat transfer of the model is not great.
• Plastic. Here the tubes have nutsia, which increases the area of heat transfer. More effective than the first.
• Bimetallic have copper nozzles and collectors, and the nuting is made of aluminum. The most effective.

Electric

Fit for a small ventilation system: Compared to a water pump, this type of unit is much simpler to integrate into a ventilation system. Installing an electric heater in conjunction with a recuperator is an option if the cost of electricity proves to be prohibitive.

Contains a spiral heater. To prevent overheating, there is an integrated thermostat.

What is supply ventilation

Establishing a cozy microclimate in the space is a crucial undertaking. One element of this process is air ventilation. An apartment or home’s supply ventilation is more than capable of handling these responsibilities. The gadget offers, based on the model:

• purification of air from different impurities;
• temperature change depending on the specified parameters;
• support for the optimal humidity;
• Creating comfortable living conditions.

A device of supply ventilation

Various tools are employed to accelerate the air mass exchange rate.

As I determine the appearance of the supply ventilation, you should be aware of the components it is made of:

1. Fan. The work of the entire system depends on its power level.
2. Filters. Protect the premises from pollution from the street.
3. A heating element. Air heated ventilation helps not to experience discomfort from temperature drops.
4. Recuperator. The device is used to reduce the cost of air heating due to indoor heat.
5. Noise absorption system. To minimize the sound from the operation of the device.
6. Air ducts. The prefabricated supply ventilation consists of pipes made of plastic or light metals. The characteristics depend on the specific model.

The principle of operation of supply ventilation

Since excessive sealing is a defining characteristic of contemporary apartments, many are considering installing forced air movement systems. This is a perfect fit for the ventilation supply system. It functions as follows:

1. Air enters the air intake.
2. Transported through the air duct thanks to the fan.
3. After heating to the desired temperature, it enters the room.

Review of modern models

In order to make the selection and compilation of water heater ideas from various manufacturers easier, the following features and attributes of multiple models will be explained:

1. Plant of CJSC t.WITH.T produces heating devices for supply ventilation-KSK-3. The model is equipped with aluminum heating elements. Its case is made of carbon steel. These units work with the coolant in the next temperature range: from +70 degrees (output) to +150 ° C (input). The minimum air temperature in the supply duct is -20 degrees. Maximum coolant temperature + 190 degrees. Working pressure in the region of 1.2 MPa. The working resource declared by the manufacturer is 13.2 thousand hours, and the service life is 11 years.
2. Volcano mini heat fans have compact size and practicality. They are produced by the Polish company of the same name. There are special blinds to change the direction of air flow. Power-3-20 kW, performance is 2 thousand cubic meters per hour. The unit has a two -row heat exchanger with the protection class IR 44. Maximum working pressure – not more than 1.6 MPa, and the maximum temperature of the heat carrier is +120 degrees. The volume of the heat exchanger is 1.12 liters. Suitable for air heating in industrial and household premises.
3. Italian water heaters Galletti Areo work for heating and cooling air masses. They are equipped with a heat exchanger consisting of copper-aluminum tubes, a fan and drainage tray. Power is in the range of 8-130 kW. When working in cooling mode, this indicator is 3-40 kW. Working pressure – 10 bar. The temperature of the coolant +7 … +95 ° C. The unit heats the air to +40 degrees or cools to +10 ° C. Protection class – IR 55. Protection of the electric motor is provided.

Models of the following brands are also available in the industrial heating equipment trading market: Teplomash, Fraccaro, 2V, Yahtec, Kroll, Tecnoclima, Pakole, Remko, Inno, and Zilon.

Electrical devices

Electric calorifers are fairly expensive heating devices, but they are incredibly effective for supply ventilation. Air contact with hot spirals or plates composed of refractory metals causes the temperature in the ventilation channel to rise.

In this instance, a shift in the heaters’ electrical resistance causes the temperature of the heating elements to rise. It takes a lot of electric energy to do this.

The current that passes through an element directly correlates with the spiral’s or plate’s level of heating. Without adjusting the electrical power, you can decrease the current strength by raising the voltage.

Advantages and disadvantages of electric calorifers

Of the primary benefits that an electric car charger offers, it is important to note the following.

Straightforward installation procedure. It is therefore much simpler to bring the cable to the heater than to make sure that water or another coolant is flowing through it.

You are unable to worry about the wiring’s thermal insulation. Electrical resistance causes much less power loss in the cable than heat loss in any pipeline that contains liquid coolant.

Simple control over an appropriate air temperature. It is sufficient to install a basic temperature sensor in the heating device’s power supply circuit in order to be able to adjust the air temperature supplied to the premises to the necessary level. When it comes to a water calorifier, it will be necessary to synchronize the boiler’s power, coolant temperature, and air temperature.

However, there are drawbacks to electrically powered devices. The first is that the device is more expensive than its water-analogue counterpart. Therefore, for a device with the same power level, the cost of an electric calorifier will be about twice that of a device with liquid coolant.

Reduced the relatively high energy costs. Therefore, electricity costs will be high to ensure air heating in the ventilation system of even a small room.

What is supply ventilation with heating air

Apartment heating and ventilation systems that are active

Heat exchanger-equipped ventilation offers a steady supply of heated, fresh airflow. A favorable microclimate is thus produced. Central supply and exhaust equipment with a recuperator, which provides air heating from the street coming from the street, are examples of ventilation that provides air supply heating. The temperature of the "worked out" excrement is the cause of this. The air is not mixed with the exhaling air masses by the recuperator as it passes through. In other words, air enters and exits through distinct channels, each of which has walls.

Warming of the source Recirculation (air conditioners, calorifiers) is one method of ventilation. The supply is heated to the appropriate temperature and combined with warm "spent air" before being fed into the space.

Types of supply ventilation

A number of signs are used to classify the data systems in the room. The ventilation network’s design determines how the system operates.

1. The national team. When individual elements are connected using air ducts.
2. Monoblock ventilation. In this version, most elements are combined in one case.

The supply system is split into three categories based on ventilation method: local, complex, and emergency. The classification is based on whether an air duct is present or absent:

1. Burnal. When fresh air enters the room through the supply hole.
2. Channel. The receipt occurs according to the air duct system.

Non -channel ventilation

Because of the supply device’s operation, which creates an air curtain or oasis in the designated area of the room, the device guarantees the injection of clean air into the space. A unique hole or gap in the door and window allows for the expulsion of contaminated air, which is ensured by calm-free ventilation. The noise aid is necessary to balance out the loud noise produced by a powerful fan. Three categories of supply ventilation devices exist, based on their level of complexity:

• window valve;
• The supply fan;
• Supply unit.

A filter is installed in installations to filter impurities, and an air intake grill is installed to guard against trash. An apartment’s supply and exhaust ventilation system may be fitted with a heating system for the incoming air. This is accomplished by using a special element, which prevents the room’s temperature from falling below the designated level. Depending on their financial situation and the ultimate purpose of their acquisition, each owner selects one type over another.

Channel ventilation

These gadgets are a network of air ducts connecting every room. Their distinction is thought to be the requirement for recurring maintenance to preserve the level of operation. One disadvantage of duct ventilation is the extensive network of air ducts that must be concealed by the ceiling. When the room is being repaired, this needs to be installed and taken into consideration. The system operates on a straightforward principle: fresh air enters the space through the channels and is forced out of the way by the air intakes.

These supply ventilation systems are frequently installed in large buildings where heating is necessary due to high energy consumption. To bring them down, you can install:

• recuperator;
• water calorifier;
• VAV system.

Calculation of the capacity of the califfer

We will choose the first set of information required to accurately determine the heater’s power for ventilation:

1. The volume of air that will be distilled by an hour (m3/h), t.e. The performance of the entire system is L.
2. The temperature outside the window. – t_st.
3. The temperature to which you need to bring the air heating – t_con.
4. Tabular data (air density of a certain temperature, the heat capacity of the air of a certain temperature).

Instructions for calculation with an example

Step 1: Mass-based air consumption (G in kg/h).

• L – air consumption by volume (m3/h)
• P is the air density in the middle.

Example: The output requires T +21 °C, but the air coming from the street is only -5 °C.

Sum of temperatures (-5) plus 21 = 16

16 on average: 2 = 8.

The density of this air is found in the table at p = 1.26.

Kg/m3 of air density based on temperature

The following computations will be made if the ventilation performance is 1500 m3/h:

1890 kg/h is equal to 1500 x 1.26.

Phase 2: Heat output (Q in TT).

• G – air consumption by mass;
• C – the specific heat capacity of the air from the street (tabular indicator);
• t_con – the temperature to which you need to warm up the stream;
• t_st – temperature of the flow of the stream.

We can calculate C for air and -5 °C for temperature using the table. It’s 1006.

Temperature-dependent air heat capacity, expressed as J/(kg*k)

We enter the data instead of the formula:

WT = 13731.9 ** Q = (1890/3600*) x 1006 x (21-(-5))

An hour is equivalent to *3600 seconds.

** The data that is produced is rounded.

Result: a 14 kW calorifier is needed for air heating in a 1500 m3 system from -5 to 21 °C.

There are online calculators that allow you to get an approximate power indicator by entering temperature and performance.

Providing a power supply (by 5–15%) is preferable because equipment performance often decreases with time.

Calculation of the heating surface

The following formula is used to determine the ventilation califfer’s heated surface area (M2):

Where:

• 1.2 – coefficient of cooling;
• Q is the heat consumption that we have already calculated earlier;
• k – heat transfer coefficient;
• t_Jew. – the average indicator of the temperature of the coolant in the pipes;
• t_air – The average temperature of the flow coming from the street.

A tabular indicator is K, or heat transfer.

To calculate average temperatures, divide the total amount of incoming and desired temperature by two.

Rounding up results the outcome.

It may be necessary to know the heater’s surface area for ventilation when choosing the appropriate equipment and when buying the appropriate quantity of materials when system components are manufactured independently.

Features of calculating steam callerifers

The same calorifiers are used for heating water and producing steam, as was previously mentioned. The computations are performed using the same formulas; the coolant flow rate is determined using the following formula:

• Q – heat consumption;
• M – the heat indicator released during steam condensation.

Furthermore, the velocity at which steam moves through the pipes is not considered.

It’s important to comprehend the different kinds of calorific devices for supply ventilation when it comes to home insulation and heating. These appliances are essential for preserving the quality of the air indoors and guaranteeing cozy living spaces. Every type of ventilation system, ranging from basic exhaust fans to advanced heat recovery ventilators (HRVs) and energy recovery ventilators (ERVs), has its own advantages and features. By learning about the functions and features of these devices, homeowners can make well-informed decisions regarding their ventilation systems, which will ultimately improve the comfort, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency of their homes.

What should be paid to the selection of channel drainage

The performance of the channel drainage, expressed in liters per day, is the primary characteristic. Put differently, performance refers to the volume of air this model can "squeeze" out in a 24-hour period.

It might be sufficient to have a device that extracts 10–50 liters of moisture daily from a private home with a small pool. Large multi-story buildings with a 25–100 m2 pool may require up to 350 liters of water in a 24-hour period.

Apart from functionality, the manufacturer typically states:

• How much the device is designed for the room.
• Installation dimensions and its functionality.
• The sizes of the section of the pipes for connecting the air ducts.

Calculation of the capacity of the califfer

These are the necessary data for the calculation:

1. Volume or mass of supply air to be heated. Volumetric flow rate (cube can calculate. m/h) or mass consumption (kg/h).
2. The initial air temperature, which is equal to the air temperature on the street.
3. Target temperature, to which it is necessary to heat the supply air before supplying it to the premises.
4. The temperature regime of the coolant that is used to heat the air.

Instructions for calculation

The surface area of the heating surface and the required power must be determined in order to determine the califfer that is utilized for supply ventilation. The area of the heat exchanger section on the front must first be determined:

Here, AF = Lρ / 3600 (ϑρ)

• L – flow rate of supply air in volume, m³/h;
• ρ is the density of the outer air, kg/m³;
• ϑρ – mass speed of air masses in the calculation section, kg/(with m²).

Computation of the califfer’s capacity

To be aware of the size of the heat exchanger, one must see the front section. The nearest bigger device must then be used for computation. To obtain the necessary area, you will need to use multiple parallel mounted calipers if the calculations were too large for the cross-sectional area.

Given the real area along the front of the chosen calorifiers, the real mass speed indicator needs to be computed:

Lρ / 3600 AF.fact = ϑρ

Additionally, the following formula is used to determine how much heat is needed to heat the air flow:

Q equals 0.278GC (TP – TN), in which

• Q is the amount of heat, W;
• G – mass consumption of heated air, kg/h;
• C – the magnitude of the specific heat capacity of the air mixture is taken equal to 1.005 kJ/kg ° C;
• TP – the temperature of the influx, ° C;
• tn – initial air temperature from the street.

Given that the fan installation in the supply ventilation is done up to the heat exchanger, the air density on the street is taken into consideration when calculating the mass consumption G. G is equal to L\n.

In the other scenario, the temperature of the heated air determines the density. You can compute the coolant costs (kg/h) for the calorifier’s return of heat to transmitted air using the computed amount of heat:

Q / CW (TG – T0) = GW

Within this formula:

• CW – the value of heat capacity for water, KJ/kg ° C;
• TG – the calculated temperature of the water in the supply pipeline, ° C;
• T0 – calculated water temperature in the reverse pipeline, ° C.

The reference indicator is the precise value of the water’s heat capacity. Based on actual indicators under current circumstances, the coolant’s temperature characteristics were determined for the computations. The calculation requires the coolant characteristics of any boiler rooms or connections to the central heating network. If you know the coolant’s flow rate, you can figure out how quickly (in milliseconds per second) it moves through the califfer’s pipes:

Here, W = GW / 3600 ρWAMP

• AMP – the cross -sectional area of the heat exchanger tubes, m²;
• ρW – water density at the average temperature of the coolant in a calofier, ° C.

The following formula is used to determine the average temperature of the water flowing through the calorifer:

A group of heat exchangers connected in succession will be able to use the speed determined by the above formula. The area of the pipes’ cross-section increases by more than half when parallel strapping is used. This will ultimately result in the coolant moving at a slower pace. Such a reduction will result in a drop in temperature in a return pipeline rather than an increase in productivity. It is not required to move the coolant at a speed greater than 0.2 m/s in order to prevent an excessive increase in the heat exchanger’s hydraulic resistance.

Local ventilation

The idea behind this kind of ventilation is exhaust systems. The supply and exhaust types of local ventilation imply drawing air directly from the site where hazardous material formation occurs. This enables you to localize, delete, and halt their distribution within the room.

It is important to note that because of the characteristics of their operation, contemporary local ventilation systems are specifically designed with strong filters. With this solution, you can reuse the air in the future and clean it to a maximum of 98%.

Mixed air exchange systems are frequently created in spaces where different kinds of work or cooking are done. They are local ventilation, which keeps substances from spreading throughout the space, and general ventilation of one of the aforementioned varieties.

Ventilation systems can also be channel or non-channel depending on the design. The installation of divorced branches throughout the building is the first kind. He has one exit and one or two entrances. The systems in the second type are integrated into the walls or floor slabs and imply the lack of channels.

Principle of operation

The operating principle of product ventilation with heating is relatively straightforward. Air is delayed and filtered at the first stage to remove large debris and insects through the air intake. Air is then sent straight to the device’s body after that.

The airflow is specifically cleaned of all tiny particles at the following stage. There are multiple tiny filters for the court that clean it to different degrees in order to accomplish this.

The air goes straight to the heating elements after being thoroughly cleaned. If the gadget has the ability to regulate temperature, it only does so inside the given indication range. Following the heating process, another cleaning procedure begins, clearing the air of dust as well as other allergens, scents, and flower pollen.

Consequently, the room is filled with relatively warm, well-filtered air that can be adjusted in temperature using the control panel.

Conditions and features of operation

The return and DHW pipes are connected to the water calorifier.

The heat exchange between two operating environments is the foundation of a water califfer for heating that has a fan. The primary coolant is hot water, and the secondary coolant is air. By removing the heat from hot water from cold air flow, air masses are heated. The temperature differential determines the efficiency of heat transfer; it should be substantial.

There are a few requirements that must be followed when using devices:

• Before installation in a large room, work indicators are calculated.
• Household models are compact, compatible with steam or water heating.
• The use of water with a temperature of more than 180 degrees in highways is unacceptable – the calorifer will fail.
• For large premises, a control system adjustment system is used in the form of a mixer with a valve of three- or two-way type.
• The maximum density of aggressive impurities in the air during the operation of the device is indicated in GN 2.2.5.686-98 and GOST 12.1.007-76.
• The energy efficiency of the heater depends on the heat transfer coefficient. The value is indicated in the passport.
• Before installing in a home workshop or garage, you need to install filters for the removal of chemical impurities.
• Three -row models are suitable for ventilation communications that supply outer air at a temperature of 0 to -40 degrees.
• Four -row modifications are launched in winter only at the speed of increasing the temperature regime to 30 degrees per hour.
• Units are not suitable for forced or artificial ventilation – they pump air with channel elements.

Selecting a place to install supply ventilation

Site selection for installation is based on the type of supply ventilation and its intended use. Additional information about every variety:

Monoblock structures

Typically, residential buildings have monoblock type systems installed in their attics. Since the mines are located beneath the ceiling, they can be hidden when decorating a space.

Installation takes place in specifically designated rooms in production workshops, which have a comprehensive building-wide network of communications.

Prefabricated

Installed typically in accordance with the building’s design, which specifically specifies where each system will be installed and where air highways will be laid. Owing to the installation’s dimensions, it can be installed along the room’s exterior wall or beneath the ceiling, hiding the communications while decorating.

The caloriferous portion of the liquid type is connected to the heating system regardless of the type of installations.

Additionally, there are variations in the way that structures with different ventilation methods are installed.

General exchange

Similar to other varieties, it is installed in accordance with the house project during the draft work phase. Communication cabling is installed in rooms beneath the ceilings. The floor is in closer proximity to the supply air ducts. It could be a ceiling fan in the bathroom or a stove hood in the kitchen.

Local

It is possible to install local ventilation systems both during and after the finishing process. Certain supply device types can be installed on windows. Sometimes a hole is made in the room’s wall for a wall installation.

The prefabricated local ventilation systems are mounted in the room’s walls or beneath the ceiling. This enables the communications to be carefully closed by completing the materials.

Types of Caloriece	Device Description
Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers	These systems transfer heat between incoming and outgoing air streams, helping to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures while saving energy.
Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs)	ERVs are designed to transfer both heat and moisture between the fresh incoming air and the stale outgoing air, improving indoor air quality and reducing energy loss.

Choosing the appropriate supply ventilation caloriece is essential to keeping your home cozy and energy-efficient. There are advantages and things to consider when choosing between an energy recovery ventilator (ERV) and a heat recovery ventilator (HRV).

By transferring heat from outgoing stale air to incoming fresh air, an HRV helps maintain good indoor air quality and lower heating costs in colder climates. However, an ERV transfers moisture in addition to heat, which makes it perfect for humid climates where moisture control is crucial.

It’s important to take your home’s size, humidity levels, and climate into account when choosing a caloriece. Additionally, to guarantee your ventilation system operates at its best and lasts a long time, proper installation and routine maintenance are essential.

Purchasing the correct kind of caloriece can enhance indoor air quality, result in substantial energy savings over time, and make your home a more comfortable place for you and your family to live. You can choose an HRV or ERV that best suits your needs and preferences by being aware of the differences between the two types of vents and speaking with experts.

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