Schemes of two -pipe heating systems for a private house

Any home needs heating, but it’s especially important in the winter. Selecting the correct heating system is essential for effectively keeping your home warm. A common choice for residential buildings is the dual-pipe heating system. Two-pipe systems provide better control and distribution of heat throughout the house than single-pipe systems, which can be prone to uneven heating and temperature fluctuations.

One pipe in a two-pipe heating system circulates hot water to the radiators, and the other pipe returns cooler water to the boiler for reheating. More even heat distribution and temperature control for each radiator are made possible by this design. Additionally, two-pipe systems are a sensible option for homeowners looking for long-term heating solutions because of their reputation for dependability and simplicity of maintenance.

The ability to provide zoned heating is one of the main benefits of two-pipe heating systems. This implies that various rooms or sections of the house can be heated separately, enabling customized comfort levels and possibly reducing energy consumption by only heating occupied spaces. The ability to modify temperatures based on particular requirements, such as maintaining a warmer bedroom during the night while turning down the heat in unoccupied spaces, is another benefit of zoned heating.

For homeowners who want to install or upgrade their heating infrastructure, it is imperative that they comprehend the fundamental schematics of a two-pipe heating system. These systems usually consist of a boiler that heats the water and a system of pipes that are connected to radiators all over the house. The two-pipe design maximizes heat output and reduces energy waste by ensuring that each radiator receives a steady supply of hot water.

When building a new home or remodeling an old one, it makes sense to take into account the advantages of a two-pipe heating system. Compared to other heating systems, it offers more control and customization options in addition to reliable and efficient heating. Homeowners can make wise decisions to guarantee warmth and comfort in their private residences for many years to come by being aware of the schematics and underlying theories of two-pipe systems.

System Type	Advantages
Two-pipe Direct Return System	Even heat distribution, easier maintenance.
Two-pipe Reverse Return System	Better temperature control, balanced heat delivery.

How heating works according to a double -circuit scheme

Two distinct highways are used in the design of a two-pipe water heating system to supply and remove coolant from each radiator. Said another way, the battery’s input pipe is connected to the feed line and its output pipe to the reverse. All heating devices receive heated water from the boiler through the first pipeline, while the second pipe gathers cooled coolant and returns it to the heat generator.

Double-circuit water distribution characteristics include:

• If all the elements of the system are calculated correctly, then each radiator receives the coolant of the same temperature;
• Changing the water duct through one battery due to adjustment does not affect the operation of neighboring heating devices;
• The number of radiators on one branch can reach 40 pcs. Provided that the performance of the pump and the diameter of the supply pipes provides the calculated water consumption.

Note: The selection of number 40 was based on actual experience with the design and installation of heating systems in production workshops. In suburban cottages, up to 10 devices are not connected to a single branch. If wiring is required through a multi-story building, the heat supply network can be divided into multiple contours with two pipes each.

There are two ways that water can move through pipes and batteries: naturally (by convection) and artificially. Additionally, there are multiple ways to supply the coolant, so we propose to analyze each plan independently.

4 types of 2-pipe systems

The following choices for two-pipe schemes are used, depending on the circumstances surrounding the installation of pipelines and ongoing operations in private homes:

1. Gravitational or gravity with natural circulation of heated water.
2. Classic dead end system of heating.
3. Ring with the passing movement of the coolant, it is also the loop of the tichelman.
4. Radiation with individual distribution of heat to radiators from the distribution collector.

The message. Two-pipe heating can also be the cause of warm floors. As hearing contours serve as batteries, pipes and a comb with a mixing knot are provided by the highways. Floor heating is similar to the collector scheme in design.

With gravity, the coolant makes contact with the atmosphere through an open expansion tank, allowing the system to operate without undue pressure. The final three scheme options are closed, run at pressures between one and two and five bars, and only use forced hot water circulation. We will now examine each plan using a particular two-story house as an example.

Summary heating

The idea behind the system’s natural coolant movement is convection, which is the phenomenon where hot, less dense liquid tries to ascend a pipe by being pushed aside by colder, heavier layers. After being heated by the boiler, the water gets lighter and travels at a speed of 0.1–0.3 m/s through a vertical riser before diverging through the batteries and highways.

To be clear. It is acknowledged that the heated and cooled fluids are a part of the same closed circuit—in this example, a private home’s heating system.

The features of the two-pipe gravitational system of the two-story building depicted in the drawing are as follows:

1. The method of laying the highways is a horizontal upper wiring, originating from a common riser. The latter rises from the boiler, at the highest point there is an expansion tank communicating with the atmosphere.
2. Horizontal areas are laid with a minimum slope of 3 mm per meter linear line. The feed is tilted towards the radiators, the return – to the heat source.
3. Pipes diameters are increased compared to pressure systems, since they are designed for a small speed of water flow.

An important nuance. Use internal pipes with an Ø of 40–50 mm to achieve stability on its own. Near the final batteries is where the Du25 minimum permissible diameter of the distributing and collecting branches is located.

A single-story home employs a similar layout, but with just one radiator connection. The upper wiring’s supply collector is installed above the floor, while the lower wiring is located in the attic or beneath the ceiling. A lower wiring cannot be made since, in accordance with the law of communicating vessels, the coolant will start in batteries, reducing the heating efficiency and speed to a minimum.

The installation of circulation pumps has led to the combination of the existing gravitational schemes. The device is installed on a bypas to prevent obstruction of the water’s flow in the event that the electricity is cut off.

Deadly heating branches

Most country cottages have a two-pipe closed system of the shoulder (dead end) type installed, and new apartment buildings frequently use this type as well. How the plan operates:

1. The radiator network is one or more two -pipe branches. The coolant goes to the heating devices along one highway, and returns by the second.
2. The system works with excess pressure 1-2.5 bar, circulation provides a pump installed near the boiler.
3. The expansion of the water compensates for a membrane tank located in the boiler room. The point of the insert – on the pipeline in front of the circulation pump (if you look through the fluid).
4. Air discharge from the network occurs through the cranes of Maevsky on batteries and an automatic valve as part of the security group of the heating unit. There is also a manometer and a safety valve.
5. A common wiring option is the lower horizontal, when both pipes pass under the radiators in an open way.

If required, dead-end roads can be installed without issue in a closed manner, such as inside walls, behind suspended ceilings, or in the grooves of the floor screed.

If a two-story building needs its coolant divided into two wings, it is done so into four independent branches, or shoulders, that converge at a common riser. Notably, there should be no correlation at all between the line length and the thermal load on the shoulders. The characteristics of a specific building are taken into consideration when determining the quantity of batteries and the best placement path.

By balancing, branches with varying numbers of radiators are kept in balance and the flow of adjusting reinforcement is restricted. Valves are always installed on the battery outputs and, if needed, on the entire shoulder. On a different page of our resource, we read about how to properly balance the contours.

Tichelman ring

Although this scheme operates on the same general principle as dead end, there are three distinct differences in the way the coolant is distributed and returned:

1. Each heating circuit is closed into the ring.
2. The method of connecting batteries is as follows: the first radiator on the feed is the last for the back line. And vice versa, the final battery of the distribution line becomes the first to return.
3. Water in both pipelines moves in one direction, hence the technical name of the system – a passing.

The Tichelman loop device uses horizontal lower wiring that is either exposed on the walls or, less frequently, concealed under the floor. Another option is to make the ring hidden in the basement, under the stretch ceilings, or behind the ceiling, and to remove the pipe eyeliners leading to the heater.

The ring "pass" is unique in that its hydraulic balance is nearly flawless. Note: The coolant travels the same distance to reach every battery and back. With little balancing, the contour can supply the necessary water consumption for ten or more radiators.

The video’s author does a good job of explaining how the system works, but she makes a mistake when comparing it to "passing"—properly extended branches emit no more heat.

The radiation method of connection

The components of this most advanced kind of two-pipe water heating system are as follows:

• heaters – ordinary batteries, intra -floor convectors or individual contours of warm floors;
• 2 collectors – feed and reverse, equipped with flow meters and thermostatic valves;
• Individual two -pipe eyeliners laid from the collector to heating devices along the shortest path (under the floor or ceiling, in the ceiling).

Two main highways are used by the collector, which is positioned in a convenient location, to receive and return water to the boiler. The heat carrier consumption for every battery is adjusted via the valves. Installing servo drives or RTL thermal tunes on the collector valves will cause the climate in every room and the building as a whole to automatically adjust.

Pros and cons of two -pipe stains

We consolidated the benefits and drawbacks of each of the aforementioned systems into a single section for ease of understanding. First, we enumerate the salient advantages:

1. The only advantage of self -flowers over other schemes is the independence of electricity. Condition: you need to choose a power -dependent boiler and make a strapping without connecting to a house network.
2. Shoulder (dead end) system is a worthy alternative to Leningradka and other single -pipe wiring. The main advantages are versatility and simplicity, thanks to which a two -pipe heating scheme of a house 100-200 m² is mounted without problems with your own hands.
3. The main trump cards of the loops of the tichelman is a hydraulic balance and the ability to provide a large number of radiators with a coolant.
4. Collector wiring is the best solution for hidden pipe laying and full automation of heating operation.

It is easy to combine the last three schemes with the water heating water’s contours. Warm floors should not always be combined with a gravitational radiator network because forced circulation in heating contours is impossible without electricity.

Give a brief summary of the general benefits of a passing, radial, and dead end system:

• small sections of distributing pipes;
• Flexibility from the point of view of gaskets, that is, lines can pass along various routes – in the floors, along and inside the walls, under the ceiling;
• Various plastic or metal pipes are suitable for installation: polypropylene, stitched polyethylene, metal -plastic, copper and corrugated stainless steel;
• All 2-pipe networks are well lended on balancing and heat regulation.

One minor benefit of gravity wiring is that it is easier to fill and remove air without the need for valves or cranes, even though it is simpler to lose the system when using them. Water is gradually supplied via the fitting at the bottom, and air is progressively replaced by pipelines into an open-type expansion tank.

Now for some serious flaws:

1. The scheme with the natural movement of water is bulky and expensive. You will need pipes with an inner diameter of 25 … 50 mm, mounted with a large slope, ideally steel. Hidden gasket is very difficult – most elements will be in sight.
2. In the installation and operation of dead end branches, no significant minuses were found. If the shoulders are very different in length and batteries, balance is restored by deep balancing.
3. Tichelman"s ring wiring highways always intersect doorways. You have to make bypass loops, where air can subsequently accumulate.
4. Raming type wiring requires financial costs for equipment – collectors with valves and rotameters plus automation tools. Alternative – assembly of combs made of polypropylene or bronze tees with your own hands.

Furthermore. Special radiator valves with an increased passageway will be required in order to automatically control the heat transfer of batteries with gam.

In this article, we delve into the world of two-pipe heating systems tailored for private houses. These systems offer an efficient and balanced way to distribute heat throughout your home, ensuring comfort and energy savings. Unlike one-pipe systems, which can suffer from uneven heating, two-pipe systems provide better temperature control in each room. By understanding the schematics and principles behind these systems, homeowners can make informed decisions about their heating needs. From the layout of pipes to the functioning of valves and radiators, we explore how these components work together to keep your home warm during the chilliest months. Whether you"re considering an upgrade or just want to understand your current setup better, this article offers practical insights into optimizing your home"s heating and insulation.

Which scheme is better to choose

Many factors are taken into consideration when choosing wiring, including the size and number of stories of a private home, the budget allotted, the availability of additional systems, the dependability of the power supply, and more. We’ll offer several broad suggestions for the decision:

1. If you plan to collect heating yourself, it is better to dwell on a two -pipe shoulder system. She forgives newcomers many mistakes and will work, despite the firms made.
2. In case of high requirements for the interior of the rooms, take as a basis the collector type of wiring. Hide the comb in the wall cabinet, divorce the highways under the screed. In a two- or three -story mansion, it is advisable to install several combs – one on the floor.
3. Frequent interruptions in the supply of electricity do not leave a choice – you need to collect a diagram with natural circulation (gravity).
4. The Tichelman system is appropriate in the buildings of a large area and the number of heating panels. Mount a loop in small buildings is inappropriate from a financial point of view.
5. For a small summer house or bath, a dead end version of the wiring with open gaskets of pipelines is perfect.

Suggestions. The "Leningradka," or lower wiring, can be used to set up a single-pipe horizontal system for heating a summer home with two to four small rooms.

It makes sense to use a dead end or collector version of the wiring if the cottage will be heated by water heaters, radiators, and a warm floor. It is simple to combine the two suggested schemes with additional heating apparatus.

How to calculate the diameter of the pipes

You can dispense with exact calculations when installing a dead end and collector wiring in a country home up to 200 m². Consider the highway cross section and the following suggestions:

• To supply the coolant to the radiators in the building of 100 squares or less, the pipeline DU15 (external size 20 mm) is enough;
• eyeliner to batteries are made by the DU10 cross section (external diameter 15-16 mm);
• In a two -story house, 200 squares, a distributing riser is made by the diameter of DU20-25;
• If the number of radiators on the floor exceeds 5 pcs., Divide the system into several branches extending from the riser Ø32 mm.

Suggestions. The diameters of the roads and carts are quite precisely attached to the examples of the schemes above. The provided information can be utilized in the development of a home heating project.

The vener calculations are used to develop the gravity and ring system. If you would like to calculate the cross section of the pipes yourself, start by figuring out how much each room’s heating load is, accounting for ventilation. Next, use the following formula to determine the coolant’s necessary flow rate:

• G – mass consumption of heated water in a pipe section that feeds the radiators of a particular room (or group of premises), kg/h;
• Q is the amount of heat required for heating this room, Tue;
• Δt – calculated temperature difference at the feed and in the return, take 20 ° C.

For instance. Thermal energy in the amount of 6,000 watts is required to raise the temperature of the second floor to +21 °C. Hot water must be brought from the boiler room by the heating riser that passes through the ceiling at a rate of 0.86 x 6000 /20 = 258 kg per hour.

Using the following formula, one can easily determine the cross section of the supply pipeline given the coolant’s clock consumption:

• S is the area of the desired section of the pipe, m²;
• V – hot water consumption in volume, m³/h;
• ʋ– speed of the coolant, m/s.

Citation. In pressure systems with a circulation pump, the coolant speed is measured between 0.3 and 0.7 m/s. The current is slower when there is a gear—0.1–0.3 m/s.

Reply to the previous example. The pump provides the estimated consumption of 258 kg/h; we use a water speed of 0.4 m/s. The supply pipeline’s cross-sectional area is 0.258 / (3600 x 0.4) = 0.00018 m². Using the circuit area formula to recalculate the diameter, we arrive at 0.02 m for pipe DU20 (external – Ø25 mm).

It should be noted that we set the mass consumption value in the formula and ignored the variations in water densities at different temperatures. Given the small error and the artisanal calculation, it is acceptable.

A private home can be heated effectively and efficiently with two-pipe heating systems, offering warmth and comfort in the winter. The basic idea behind these systems is this: cooled water returns through one pipe while hot water travels through another to heat radiators or underfloor heating. By reducing temperature swings and enhancing comfort, this design makes sure that the house is consistently heated throughout.

The ability of two-pipe heating systems to provide separate temperature control for different rooms is one of its main benefits. It is possible for residents to personalize the temperature to their liking and save energy by changing the hot water flow to individual radiators or heating zones. Furthermore, these systems offer flexibility in design and installation as they can be integrated with a variety of heat sources, such as solar panels, heat pumps, and boilers.

The layout and pipe size must be carefully considered when installing a two-pipe heating system in a private residence. Appropriate insulation of heating components and pipes reduces heat loss and raises system efficiency. Furthermore, the system’s longevity and optimal performance are guaranteed by routine maintenance and monitoring.

In summary, two-pipe heating systems, with their adjustable temperature control, compatibility with a variety of heat sources, and potential energy savings, offer a dependable and effective way to heat a private residence. Homeowners can create a cozy and sustainable indoor environment for years to come by comprehending the concepts and factors involved in their design and installation.