Register of steel pipes

Steel pipes are essential for both insulation and heating systems in your house. They serve as the dependable foundation of many heating systems, offering strength and dependability when it’s most needed. If you’re thinking about replacing the heating system in your house, it’s critical to comprehend the benefits of steel pipes and the reasons they’re a popular option.

The strength and ability to withstand high temperatures of steel pipes are well-known, and these qualities are essential for heating systems. They won’t bend or warp under the pressure of steam or hot water running through them. Over time, this resilience will give you peace of mind by resulting in fewer leaks and less maintenance.

Steel pipes also provide superior insulation. Their sturdy design aids in heat retention, enhancing the effectiveness of your heating system. In addition to keeping your house cozy and warm, this may result in lower energy costs. You save money without sacrificing comfort when your heating system doesn’t have to work as hard to maintain temperature.

Steel pipes are also friendly to the environment. As opposed to certain other materials, steel can be recycled. You can lessen your carbon footprint by replacing or disposing of your pipes if necessary, knowing that they can be reused. It’s just one more reason that steel pipes are a wise investment for the insulation and heating of your house.

This post will discuss the different kinds of steel pipes, their advantages, and how to pick the best ones for your particular requirements. Knowing the benefits of steel pipes can help you make wise choices whether you’re expanding your house or replacing your heating system. Let’s explore the world of steel pipes in more detail and learn how they can improve the efficiency and comfort of your house.

Pipe Type	Diameter (in inches)
Standard Steel Pipe	2
Galvanized Steel Pipe	4
Seamless Steel Pipe	6
Alloy Steel Pipe	8

Area of application

These days, production facilities—that is, shops, warehouses, hangars, and other large-scale buildings—are the main uses for water heating registers. Such rooms can be efficiently heated by registers due to their large dimensions and large heat carrier volume.

The highest level of heating system efficiency is achieved in industrial buildings through the use of heating registers. The registers have superior hydraulics and heat output when compared to steel or cast iron radiators. The installation cost of the complete factory heating system is lowered by their comparatively low cost of manufacture. Furthermore, they don’t cost a lot to run.

Additionally, it is advised that the registers be used in locations with strict sanitary safety regulations, such as hospitals, kindergartens, etc. Dust and grime are easily removed from the devices.

Nevertheless, this kind of heating device is not covered by the notion of economy. As was already mentioned, heating a significant amount of coolant uses a lot of energy.

Heating registers in a Moscow-area food processing facility.

Electrically welded steel pipe heating registers can be utilized in one- or two-pipe forced or gravity-based heat carrier circulation systems (based on steam or water).

Note: Because using heating registers uses a lot of fuel to heat a large volume of coolant, private home owners, for whom the economy of the heating system is crucial, cannot afford to use them.

What are they made of

Different materials and shapes are used to make heating registers. Every one has benefits and drawbacks.

What they are made of

When discussing materials, steel comes up most frequently, specifically steel pipes that have been electrically welded. Although steel does not dissipate heat as well as other materials, its low cost, ease of processing, availability, and wide range of sizes make up for this.

Stainless steel pipe products are extremely uncommon since they require a significant quantity of pipes to achieve a reasonable capacity, and you are probably aware of their high cost. It must have been a long time ago if they were made. They also use "galvanized," but working with it is more challenging because you cannot weld it.

Copper pipe registers produce a lot of heat and are not less expensive.

Sometimes copper registers are made – they are used in those networks where the distribution is made by copper pipes. Copper is characterized by a high heat output (four times more than steel), so the size of them are much more modest (both in length and diameter of used pipes). In addition, the pipes themselves (if they are not hidden in the wall or floor) give off enough heat. At the same time, the plasticity of this metal allows you to bend pipes without special tricks and efforts, and welding is used only in the places where different pieces of connection. But all these advantages are leveled by two big disadvantages: the first – high price, the second – the capriciousness of copper to operating conditions. On the price is clear, and on the operation a little clarification:

• Neutral and clean coolant is required, without solid particles
• the presence of other metals and alloys is undesirable in the system, except for compatible ones – bronze, brass, nickel, chrome, therefore all fittings and fittings will have to be found from these materials;
• A thoroughly made grounding is mandatory – without it, electrochemical corrosion processes begin in the presence of water;
• softness of the material requires protection – you need screens, covers, etc.п.

Cast iron registers are available. But they’re just too heavy. They also have a very large mass, so massive racks must be built underneath them. Furthermore, cast iron is brittle, easily breaking apart with a single blow. It turns out that protective covers are also necessary for these kind of registers, which raise the cost and decrease the heat output. Furthermore, installing them is a challenging task. High dependability and chemical neutrality—this alloy doesn’t care what kind of coolant is used—are attributes of the pluses.

Pipes with fins used to make cast iron registers

Copper and cast iron are generally difficult. It appears that steel registers are the best option.

Calculation of parameters and drawing

This design is the first step in producing the heating register by hand. It is evident that creating a typical heating register by eye is not feasible. As such, a number of additional computations must be performed, the results of which will allow the best heat exchanger to be chosen. Many considerations must be made when creating heating registers:

• power;
• construction;
• installation methods.

Because this is a heating device, it should warm up a specific room before you attempt to make heating registers by hand. Its heat output should be suitable for the environment; a whole-wall heat exchanger is not suitable for a small room. 100 to 200 kilowatts on one meter is appropriate, depending on the area. The heat output of heating registers can be computed using a formula. It has the following values included:

• the length of the heat exchanger in meters;
• internal cross-section in meters;
• heat transfer coefficient of the metal;
• delta of supply and return temperatures;
• "P" number.

All of the calculation’s components must be multiplied in order to find the heat output. Of course, each of the aforementioned values can be found independently using this formula. Therefore, it is possible to determine what dimensions the construction should have knowing the room’s square footage. Handmade heating registers are frequently constructed from improvised materials, making it impossible to adjust certain parameters. It is necessary to modify the entire structure to fit the pre-existing features, keeping in mind the heat exchanger’s operation.

It is important to keep in mind that the value obtained when calculating the heat exchanger’s length represents the overall length of the pipes.

As an illustration, the formula yielded a value of five meters. Therefore, one five-meter pipe around the perimeter and multiple sections, the total length of which equals five meters, are suitable for heating. Maintaining the heat exchange area is the goal.

The primary (thick) pipes can be installed in two different ways:

• horizontally;
• vertically.

There is, in theory, no distinction in manufacturing. A horizontal construction becomes a vertical heat exchanger by rotating it 90 degrees clockwise. When installing on a circuit, this is going to be crucial.

This is how a vertical register differs from a horizontal register.

Additionally, special jumpers are used to fix heating registers. These can be one or two jumpers. Additionally, couplings with the same diameter that are welded into the register’s end can be used to connect horizontal sections. The so-called coil registers are these. Whatever method you decide on, as long as you have the necessary skills to assemble the heating register yourself out of pipes, will work.

Are you interested in learning more about the peculiarities of selection and operation for heating radiator heating elements?

We will use the scheme of connecting horizontal sections with two spigots so as to simplify the manufacturing process of the register. Heating register, illustration:

An illustration of the heating register

For the task at hand, we will require:

• three identical sections of pipe;
• four connecting spigots;
• six plugs.

The heating register’s pipe spacing can also be quite wide, though not any less so. In this instance, the formula diameter x 1.5 determines the distance between the pipes if large diameter pipes are used. This is the ideal distance. Welding is the next step.

Calculation of heating registers

How the heating register works

The parameters of heating registers can be computed in a number of ways. They are distinguished by labor-intensiveness and calculation accuracy. However, it is advised to hire professionals for the organization of heat supply when using heating registers made of steel or aluminum. Using specialized software is an additional choice.

But occasionally, you have to figure out how to calculate the heating register correctly on your own. You can use a simplified scheme to accomplish this. Prior to anything else, the following parameters must be understood:

• Total area of the heated room;
• The heat transfer coefficient of the material of manufacture of the register;
• Diameter of pipes used for manufacturing.

The table below can be used to calculate the specific power of the heating register for pipes with a round cross-section. These values apply to register pipes with a diameter of 1 m.

Diameter, pipe, m	25	32	40	57	76	89	110
Room area, m²	0,5	0,56	0,69	0,94	1,19	1,37	1,66

However, there are several noteworthy drawbacks to this heating register selection method. The thermal mode of the system operation and the room’s air temperature are not taken into consideration, and these values are provided for rooms with ceiling heights of no more than 3 m.¿.

Using the following formula will result in calculations that are more accurate:

Q is equal to P*D*L*K*\t.

The variables Q, W, P, π, and L are the specific heat output, pipe diameter, length of one section, and heat transfer coefficient, respectively. This parameter, for metal, is equivalent to 11.63 W/m²*C, where Δt is the room temperature differential between the coolant and the air.

With these parameters in hand, you can determine the heating register’s power on your own. Assume that the pipe’s diameter is 76 mm and that a section’s length is equal to two meters. The temperature is 60°C (80–20). In this instance, one seamless steel pipe section of the heating register will have the following capacity:

= 3,14 * 0,076 * 2 * 11,63 * 60 = 333 W

The resulting result needs to be multiplied by a reduction factor of 0.9 in order to compute each subsequent section of the device.

This methodology is not suitable for calculating ribbed heating registers. Because of the larger device area, they will produce more heat.

Types of registers

The most common type – registers of smooth pipes, and most often – steel electric-welded pipes. Diameters – from 32 mm to 100 mm, sometimes up to 150 mm. They are made of two types – serpentine and register types. Registers can have two types of connection: thread and column. The thread is when the bridges, through which the coolant flows from one pipe to another, are installed from right to left. It turns out that the coolant consistently bypasses all the pipes, i.e. the connection is sequential. In the "column" type connection, all horizontal sections are connected at both ends. In this case, the flow of the coolant is parallel.

Varieties of smooth-pipe registers

Registers of any kind can be installed with either a single pipe or two pipes in any kind of system. with both horizontal and vertical supply types. In any system, the point where the supply and upper branch pipe are connected will produce the most heat.

When using in naturally circulating systems, there must be a small incline of approximately 0.5 cm for every meter of pipe in the coolant’s path. Because of the large diameter and low hydraulic resistance, the slope is so small.

This heating register is serpentine.

These products are constructed from square tubes in addition to round tubes. Other than being slightly harder to work with and having a slightly higher hydraulic resistance, they are essentially the same. However, this design’s advantages can be linked to its smaller size while maintaining the same coolant volume.

Square-pipe registers

Finned pipe registers are also available. In this instance, heat transfer increases along with the metal-air contact area. In fact, builders still use these kinds of heating devices in some low-cost new constructions: the recognizable "pipe with fins." Even though they don’t look their best, they don’t really warm the place.

The heat output of a register with plates will be significantly higher.

If you insert a heating element into any registers, you can get a combined heating device. It can be separate, not connected to the system, or used as an additional source of heat. If the radiator will be isolated with heating only from TEN, it is necessary to put an expansion tank in the upper point (10% of the total volume of the coolant). When heating from a domestic boiler, the expansion tank is usually integrated into the design. If it is not available (often happens in solid fuel boilers), then in this case it is necessary to install an expansion tank. If the material for the registers is steel, the cistern must be of the closed type.

When the boiler’s power is insufficient, electric heating can be helpful during the coldest months. This option can also be helpful during the off-season, when it is not practical to load a long-burning solid fuel boiler and run the system "to the full." The room just needs to be slightly heated. This is not feasible with solid fuel boilers. And in the off-season, having such a backup will help things heat up.

We can create a combined heating system by installing an expansion tank and adding a heating element to the register.

Design of heating registers

Even though these heaters are thought to be outdated and have an unattractive appearance, they are still widely used in many different applications, such as:

• for heating industrial premises of industrial enterprises;
• as an autonomous heater in garages;
• as a water heating element to be built inside a brick oven.

Note: The calculation and manufacturing of the stove register from smooth heating pipes rely on the stove’s capacity and design.

Two types of heating devices can be identified based on their design: sectional and coil-shaped. In the first example, each horizontal pipe represents one section, and vertical jumpers supply the coolant flow through them. They are constructed from smaller-diameter pipes to boost each section’s heat output and artificially resist flow. Coolant is supplied in a "top-down" manner through pipes that are plugged at both ends to form a sectional heating register.

The name of the coil heater gives away its design. Here, there is no narrowing of the diameters; instead, the water moves freely through the entire apparatus, changing course multiple times. Although this register produces less heat than a sectional register, it is easier to produce and has less hydraulic resistance.

Advice: For utility rooms or garages, where consistent heating and a comfortable air temperature are crucial, sectional heaters are the better choice. In a two-pipe system, coils work best when positioned as duty heaters at the very end. Their low resistance makes them work incredibly well there.

Round and rectangular smooth pipes are welded to create heating registers. On the other hand, standard round low-carbon steel tubes like St3, St10, and even St0 are the widely recognized design. Take steel St20 if the battery is intended to operate in a steam system. Rectangular cross section sections are not advised to be made because convective air flow worsens their condition and reduces the amount of heat that can be produced. Autonomous registers are constructed, filled with transformer oil or antifreeze, and fitted with an electric heating element in the lower section from the end for garage heating.

Varieties of heating registers

Three different register types are being considered:

1. Sectional in the form of the letter "P".
2. Serpentine, the shape of which is S-shaped.
3. Mixed.

For manufacturing, pipes with a diameter of 25 to 200 mm are composed of steel or stainless steel. Pipes with a diameter of 25 to 100 mm are used to heat industrial spaces used for utilities or administration. Regarding the larger diameter registers (which can reach 200 mm), these are typically found in production workshops and scale sports facilities like swimming pools.

When it comes to private homes, their installation drastically lowers heating efficiency.

The area of the room and the necessary heat transfer value are the only factors that dictate how many sections can be used to assemble the registers.

Use jumpers with a smaller diameter than the pipes included in this kind of device when connecting sectional registers. The formula D+50 mm is used to find the ideal spacing between heating pipes, where D is the pipe diameter. By keeping an eye on the distance determined in this manner, the infrared irradiation of the pipes in relation to one another can be minimized, increasing the rate of heat transfer.

Coil connection is possible due to bends, the diameter of which is identical to the diameter of the pipes. They are installed at the ends of the appliance to be connected. Because of this method of connection, the cost of connecting the registers increases, but not significantly. In this case, the increase in costs is compensated by an increase in efficiency, which is provided by a larger working surface area. Also, the coil register is characterized by such a positive aspect as a lower hydraulic resistance compared to that present in the sectional version of such a heating device. This makes it possible to use circulation pumps, which are characterized by lower power and lower price.

The pipes’ installed end caps come in three different shapes: elliptical, round, and flat. In systems where the coolant is supplied under high pressure, elliptical-shaped plugs are utilized. They also serve to add some aesthetic appeal to heating appliances. If necessary, a fitting for the installation of a degassing valve can be installed on the upper section of the register.

The range of variations in heating register performance is not limited to this; certain models of these devices also include a TEN. As a result, the device doesn’t need to be connected to the heating system because a built-in electric heating element heats the heating medium.

The design process of these devices involves a specific calculation of the heating element power, which is contingent upon the device’s surface area. The expansion process will operate excessively if the register becomes overheated, allowing coolant to escape through the emergency valve. Otherwise, the heating element’s efficiency will be reduced if there is a power outage.

For installation in the upper section of this heating device, the stand-alone register needs to have a fitting. In order to account for the coolant’s expansion, it is necessary to install an expansion tank in addition to the emergency valve and fill the coolant prior to engine startup.

Technical characteristics of heating registers

• Working pressure: 10 atmospheres
• Working medium (heat carrier): water, steam.
• Connection type: threaded, or under welding.
• Heat output: 500-600 W/meter

Three primary categories of registers exist:

1. sectional U-shaped;
2. S-shaped coils;
3. "mixed" (U-shaped coils).

Steel pipes, also known as 304 stainless steel pipes, with a diameter of 25 to 200 mm make up the majority of the components of heating registers. Large sports complexes, such as swimming pools, volleyball courts, and basketball courts, use devices with a diameter of 100 to 200 mm, while registers with a diameter of 25 to 100 mm are used for heating industrial spaces, offices, or residential settings.

Among all the methods of heating a private house, using registers is one of the least effective ones.

2. Register for pipes.

The device’s number of sections is entirely up to the size of the space and the amount of heat output that is needed.

A word of caution: Although the device’s power cannot be increased, using more than four pipes will prevent you from greatly increasing the device’s overall power.Less heat energy from the upper pipes will be able to reach the rising warm air that has been heated by the lower pipes.

Registers made of smooth pipes characteristics

The heating apparatus consists of several steel pipes positioned along the wall and joined by bridges. One end of the pipe is used to enter and the other to exit the heated coolant, which is water or antifreeze. According to GOST, there must be a space between the elements that is equal to the diameter plus 50 mm. This will prevent mutual irradiation and improve heat transfer into the room.

• Diameter ranges from 25 to 400 mm, but the latter is rarely used, as it requires a large flow of heat transfer medium.
• Maximum pressure allowed in the registers – 1 MPa.

• The material of manufacture is most often electrically welded smooth pipe made of carbon steel (GOST 10704-91), as well as stainless and low-alloyed steel. There are also registers made of cast-iron elements, which are usually self-made products. Products made of aluminum provide more efficient heat transfer, but they are not durable: the quality of the heat transfer medium significantly affects the service life.
• Pipes are available in three versions: threaded, flanged and welded.

Heating large spaces, such as hangars, public institutions, warehouses, and industrial halls, is the most common use for heaters. This is because of the device’s long length and high efficiency. The latter guarantees the creation of a volumetric heat source as opposed to a localized one.

In homes, registers are typically utilized in the bathrooms and toilets because it is not financially advantageous to install radiators with their intricate surfaces there.

Calculation of heat output of 1 meter of steel pipe

Coefficient of heat transfer of 1 m for steel pipes

In order to determine how much heat will be needed to warm the space and how long it will take, the heat output of the pipe must be calculated during the heating design process. Such a calculation is required if the installation is not carried out in accordance with standard projects.

For which systems the calculation is necessary?

Underfloor heating involves the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient. Steel pipes are used in this system less and less, but calculations must be done if heat carriers are selected from among its products. Another system that requires consideration of the coefficient of heat output during installation is a coil.

Steel pipe radiator

Registers are shown as thick pipes joined together by crosspieces. An example of such a construction has an average heat output of 550 W per meter. The diameter is 32–219 mm in range. The structure is welded to prevent elements from heating up on top of one another. The heat transfer then speeds up. If the assembly is done correctly, you will have a sturdy and dependable room heater.

How to optimize the heat output of a steel pipe?

Experts must decide whether to increase or decrease the heat dissipation of a one-meter steel pipe during the design phase. It is necessary to shift the infrared radiation to the greater side in order to increase it. Paint is used to accomplish this. The color red produces more heat. A matte finish on the paint is preferable.

A different strategy is to install fins. They are outside mounted. As a result, the area for heat transfer will grow.

Which situations call for a decrease in the parameter? When optimizing a pipeline segment outside of residential areas, this becomes necessary. Experts then advise isolating the area from the outside world by insulating it. It is accomplished by using foam and unique shells composed of foamed polyethylene. Mineral wool and frequently used.

Calculate

The following formula is used to calculate heat transfer:

• K – heat conductivity coefficient of steel;
• Q – heat transfer coefficient, W;
• F – area of the pipe section, for which the calculation is made, m 2 dT – temperature head (the sum of primary and final temperatures, taking into account room temperature), ° C.

The product’s area is taken into consideration when choosing the heat conductivity coefficient K. Additionally, the quantity of strings arranged in the rooms affects its value. The coefficient’s average value falls between 8 and 12.5.

Another name for dT is temperature head. The temperature at the boiler outlet must be added to the fixed temperature at the boiler inlet in order to compute the parameter. The resultant value is divided by two or multiplied by 0.5. This value is deducted from the room temperature.

(0.5*(T1 + T2)) = dT – Thanks

The value obtained is multiplied by the insulating material’s efficiency if the steel pipe is insulated. It displays the percentage of heat released during the heat transfer fluid’s passage.

Calculate the return for 1 m. product

Simply calculate the heat output of one meter of steel pipe. Now that we have the formula, all we need to do is change the values.

28 W = 0,047 * 10 * 60 = Q.

• К = 0.047, heat transfer coefficient;
• F = 10 m 2. pipe area;
• dT = 60° C, temperature head.

According to the resources on the website http://trubygid.ru

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How to improve the efficiency of registers

Metal plates that are welded vertically to the pipes can be used to increase the relatively small heat-emitting surface of registers. Something akin to ribbed pipes is the outcome.

Profiled convector tubes are used in a 4-pipe register.

Furthermore, there is a way to enhance the registers so that convector heating is "given out." For this purpose, round or profile pipes are vertically welded to the front of the device in place of metal plates, creating the convection effect. The foundation of convection is the universal upward movement of hot air. Through the lower portion of the pipe, cool air from the floor is drawn in and warms up, rising upward. The air enters the pipe heated and exits through the upper portion of the pipe already heated.

S-shaped coil registers

These registers are becoming increasingly common. These devices have a very straightforward design: they consist of multiple sections joined by arcs that are nearly the same diameter as the sectional ones. The device’s internal hydraulic pressure is greatly decreased as a result. This makes the entire surface of the register function as a single unit, greatly increasing the efficiency of such devices.

This type of smooth-pipe heating register typically has a high carbon content. Additionally, registers made of cast iron, alloy, or stainless steel are available on the market.

Calculating the design of the heater

The first step is to figure out how much heat a given room needs to produce. The following considerations should be made when performing a thermotechnical calculation, per the rules:

• the area and orientation of the external walls (south sunny or not);
• of the cubic area of the room to be heated;
• the level of maximum possible negative temperatures in the region;
• the degree of thermal insulation of the walls facing the street;
• the presence of another heated room below and/or above;
• the number, square footage and type of windows installed;
• presence/absence of doors opening directly to the street.

In winter, it is even recommended by building regulations to consider the prevailing winds. During the winter, there will undoubtedly be more heat loss on the windward side of the wall.

To determine the necessary heat output for a room with a ceiling height of approximately 2.7 meters, simply multiply the room’s area by 100 watts.

If the room’s ceiling is three meters or higher, the heated space’s cubic area must be multiplied by 34 or 41 W in order to make a simplified calculation. For brick buildings, the first coefficient is used, and for reinforced concrete buildings, the second. Multiplying a couple of numbers is not hard. However, given the numerous nuances involved, it should be evident that such conditional computations may be extremely distant from the actual figures.

The best course of action is to have a specialist perform the required calculation, taking into account all of the room’s parameters. Walls, windows, floors, ceilings, and even ventilation can let heat escape.

Everything needs to be considered without exception in order to get accurate numbers.

The size of the pipes for the heating register must then be determined. Utilize the formula to do this.

Q = K * St *dt

• Q is the heat output of the register;
• K – heat transfer coefficient, depends on the pipe material;
• St – heat transfer area (equal to the number of PI multiplied by the diameter and length of the pipe);
• dt – heat head.

Thus, choosing the pipe’s diameter and overall length is the only thing left to do after determining Q and dt. Then, this pipe can be split into multiple sections based on the register’s design; these sections will subsequently be joined by cross bars. It is preferable to ignore the latter’s heat output in order to simplify the computations.

Total dt=(Tp+To)/2-Tv is the result of calculating the required temperature in the room (Tv) and its indicators in the supply (Tp) and return (To).

Each successive horizontal segment that receives heat energy from pipes connected in a serpentine pattern receives about 10% less than the segment that comes before it. It is best to treat each of these register piping sections as a separate battery. And the heat enters the room as the coolant moves along them and gradually but surely cools.

The height of each individual spigot is reflected by the distance between the horizontal sections, or main pipes, which is another parameter. Heat flows from the top and bottom will overlap if this gap is too small, which will have a negative effect on one another. It is best to select a figure that is marginally greater than the pipe diameter. At that point, the register’s efficiency will be optimized.

Heat output of heating radiators table – Climate in the house

The primary factor in choosing home heating appliances is their heat output.

This coefficient controls how much heat is emitted by the apparatus.

Stated differently, the house will heat up more quickly and effectively the higher the heat output.

How much heat is needed for heating?

Many factors need to be considered in order to accurately calculate how much heat a room needs: the area’s unique climate, the building’s cubic area, and any potential heat losses from the residence (such as the number of windows and doors, the type of construction, the presence of insulation, etc.). This computation system requires a lot of work and is only occasionally employed.

In essence, the computation of heat is based on approximate coefficients that have been established: in a room with a ceiling height of no more than three meters, one kilowatt-hour of heat energy is needed for every 10 square meters. At 1.3 Kwt, the figure rises for northern regions.

For instance, 8 kW of power is needed to heat an 80 m2 room to its ideal temperature. The quantity of heat energy will rise to 10.4 KW in northern regions.

Heat output is a key indicator of efficiency

Radiators’ heat transfer coefficient serves as a capacity indicator. It establishes how much heat is allotted for a specific amount of time. The physical characteristics of the device, the kind of connection it has, the temperature, and the speed of the heat transfer medium all affect the convector capacity.

The convector’s power, as stated in its data sheet, is dependent on its center-to-center distance and is caused by the physical characteristics of the material used to make the device. The area of the house and the device’s heat flow coefficient are needed to determine how many radiator sections are needed for a given room.

The formula is used to calculate the amounts:

S/ 10 * energy factor (K) / heat flux value (Q) equals the number of sections.

Example: For a 50 m2 room, the number of sections of an aluminum battery (Q = 0.18) must be determined.

50 / 10 * 1 / 0,18 = 27,7 is the calculation. In other words, 28 sections are required to heat a room. For monolithic devices, substitute the radiator’s heat transfer coefficient for Q to obtain the necessary number of batteries.

The energy factor, 1.3, is subtracted from the computation if convectors are to be placed close to sources that influence heat loss, such as windows and doors.

The following metals are used in heating radiators: steel, aluminum, copper, cast iron, and bimetallic (steel + aluminum). Because of the characteristics of each metal, the heat flux of each varies.

Performance comparison: analysis and table

The height between the axes of the upper and lower outlets is known as the center distance, and it affects the power factor in addition to the material the device is made of. Additionally, heat conductivity values have a big influence on efficiency.

Radiator type	Center distance (mm)	Heat output (KW)	Temperature of the heat carrier (0C)
Aluminum	350	0,139	130
500	0,183
Steel	500	0,150	120
Bimetallic	350	0,136	135
500	0,2
Cast iron	300	0,14	130
500	0,16
Copper	500	0,38	150

Factors that affect the values

Manufacturing material

The most heat-efficient convectors are made of copper and aluminum. Cast iron batteries have the lowest power factor, but their propensity to hold heat well makes up for it.

The appropriate installation of heating appliances affects efficiency:

• Optimal distance between the floor and the radiator – 70-120 mm, between the window sill – at least 80 mm.
• Installation of an air vent (Maevsky valve) is obligatory.
• Horizontal position of the heating device.

Superior heat output radiators:

Material	Model, manufacturer	Nominal heat flow (KW)	Cost per section (rub)
Aluminum	Royal Thermo Indigo 500	0,195	700,00
Rifar Alum 500	0,183	700,00
Elsotherm AL N 500×85	0,181	500,00
Cast iron	STI Nova 500 (sectional type)	0,120	750,00
Bimetal	rifar base ventil 500	0,204	1100,00
Royal Thermo PianoForte 500	0,185	1500,00
Sira RS Bimetal 500	0,201	1000,00
Steel	Kermi FTV(FKV) 22 500	2,123 (panel)	8200,00 (panel)

Placement of radiators

Steel pipes play a vital role in home heating and insulation systems, offering durability, reliability, and versatility. They are often used in hydronic heating setups, where hot water is circulated to warm your home, and in HVAC systems for efficient air distribution. The benefits of steel pipes include their resistance to high temperatures, corrosion, and pressure, ensuring a long lifespan and low maintenance. When selecting steel pipes for your home"s heating and insulation, it"s crucial to consider factors like size, insulation, and compatibility with your existing setup to ensure maximum efficiency and safety. A well-planned register of steel pipes can make your heating system more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly, reducing energy loss and keeping your home comfortably warm.

Appliances with integrated heating element

The register’s standard version suggests that it is connected to either a water heating boiler or the centralized system’s heating pipes. However, there are also gadgets that are entirely independent. A built-in heating element in one of the lower pipes runs on the 220 V electric network.

According to its construction and mode of operation, the heating element in the register is a standard electric boiler that plugs in to a single-phase outlet.

Depending on the heat exchanger’s internal volume, the element’s power for heating water can fluctuate between 1 and 6 kW. To guarantee that the coolant reaches every part of the heater, these types of heaters frequently have circulation pumps installed.

Frequently used as a backup heat source, this autonomous register is only turned on during extremely cold temperatures. The room is heated by the main heating system if the outside temperature is not too low. The electric register can be filled with antifreeze in addition to water.

Determination of heat transfer

The value of heat transfer of a one-meter-long pipe must be known in order to properly select the size of registers for space heating in accordance with heat losses. The diameter that is used and the temperature differential between the coolant and the surrounding air determine this value. The following formula determines the temperature head:

Where t1 and t2 represent the temperatures, respectively, at the boiler’s inlet and outlet;

Tк is the heated room’s temperature.

Determine the approximate value of the heat received from the register quickly; this will assist in creating the heat transfer table for a one-meter length of steel pipe. This method works the best and doesn’t require complicated calculations, even though the result is very approximate.

1 Btu/hour – ft2 -oF = 5,678 W/m2K = 4,882 kcal/hour – m2 -oC is a reference value.

The heat transfer of steel pipes in the air at various temperature differentials is displayed in the table. Interpolation is used in the computations for intermediate values of the temperature differential.

The traditional formula can be utilized to determine the heat output of a steel pipe with greater accuracy:

Q is equal to K -F – t.

Where: W -thermal transfer, Q –

W/(m2-0Ρ) is the heat transfer coefficient, or K.

F is the surface area (m^});

Head temperature, ∆t, is 0C.

The method for calculating ∆t was previously explained, and F can be calculated using the following straightforward geometric formula for a cylinder’s surface: F = π-d-l.

Where π= 3,14, а d и l stand for the pipe’s length, m, and diameter, respectively.

The formula for calculating a section with a length of one meter is Q = 3,14-K-d-∆t.

As an aside, to calculate the heat transfer of a single pipe, one only needs to substitute the steel heat transfer coefficient reference value of 11.3 W/(m2- 0Ρ) for the heat transfer of water to air. Due to their mutual influence, the diameter and number of strings in the pipes, as well as the material from which they are made, all affect the value of K for a heater.

The table below shows the average heat transfer coefficient values for the most common kinds of heating devices.

It’s crucial! The units of measurement must be carefully considered when entering the values into the formulas. Dimensions of all values ought to be consistent with one another.

Because 1 kcal/hour = 1,163 W, the heat transfer coefficient, which is found in kcal/(hour-m2-0C), should therefore be converted to W/(m2-0C). The calculation of the heat transfer coefficient is done in kcal/(hour-m2-0C).

Of course, using the steel pipe heat transfer table allows you to obtain the result faster than using formulas, but it will require some effort if accuracy is crucial.

The required heat output must be divided by the one-meter heat output and rounded up to the nearest whole number to find the necessary register size. You can use the average data for an insulated room up to three meters high as a reference: One m2 of the room can be heated by a 1 m register with a 60 mm diameter.

Noteworthy: The coefficient K for steel pipes ranges from 8 to 12.5 kcal / (hour)-м2 – 0Ρ, as the table illustrates. The efficiency of heat transfer decreases with increasing thread count and diameter. In this regard, longer elements should be preferred in order to enhance the registry’s heat dissipation.

Furthermore to be considered is the fact that larger pipes need a larger volume of water in the system, adding to the boiler’s workload. The recommended spacing between the strings is 50 mm in addition to the pipe diameter.

The heat output of the register is greatly impacted if the system is filled with non-freezing liquid instead of water, necessitating the enlargement of the register following further calculations. This is particularly valid for equipment that uses oil as a coolant and heating components.

Varieties of heating registers

A collection of parallel pipelines that are in communication with one another is called a heating register. Their materials, shapes, and designs might vary.

Materials for manufacturing

According to GOST 3262-75 or GOST 10704-91, smooth steel pipes are typically used to make heating registers. Because electric-welded pipes can withstand higher pressures, they are the preferred option. However, in actuality, water-gas pipes are also fairly common and function just as well. These heating devices are highly resistant to various forms of mechanical damage and loads, and can function with any type of coolant.

Stainless steel models are also available. They are placed in spaces where durability and aesthetics are highly valued. The use of stainless steel registers is most appropriate in bathrooms due to their higher cost. Stainless steel towel dryers are highly resistant to corrosion and come in a variety of configurations, making them suitable for use even in the most contemporary restroom interiors.

Registers made of aluminum and bimetallic materials transfer heat more effectively. Their light weight and attractive design make them ideal for use in separate heating systems with efficient water treatment systems. In other situations, the devices fail quickly due to a low-quality heat transfer medium.

Copper registers are occasionally located. They are typically utilized in systems where copper distribution is the primary medium. Working with them is convenient, and they are lovely and robust. Furthermore, copper has a thermal conductivity that is roughly eight times greater than that of steel, allowing for a significant reduction in the size of the heating surface. The range of applications for copper registers is restricted by the sensitivity to operating conditions that is a common drawback of all non-ferrous metal devices.

Structural design

There are two main categories into which traditional steel register designs fall:

• Sectional;
• Coil.

The first is distinguished by the use of vertical, narrow bridges to connect the horizontally arranged pipelines. The second allows for the use of identically sized straight and arc-shaped components that are joined by welding to form a snake. To achieve the desired configuration, the pipes made of non-ferrous or stainless steel are simply bent.

Three types of connection spigots are available:

• Threaded;
• Flanged;
• Under welding.

There are two possible locations for them: one side and two different sides. The coolant outlet is situated diagonally from or beneath the supply. There may occasionally be a lower mains connection, but in this instance, the heat output is much lower.

Depending on how the jumpers are arranged, sectional registers have two different types of connections:

Smooth-pipe registers can be used as standalone heaters or as registers for the main heating system. A heating element with the necessary capacity is installed inside the device and linked to the network for stand-alone operation. Oil or antifreeze are frequently used as coolants for movable electric steel registers, which can be positioned either sideways. It doesn’t freeze in the event of an emergency power outage or storage.

An extra expansion tank needs to be installed in the device’s upper portion when it is utilized independently of the main heating system. This prevents the build-up of pressure brought on by the heating process’s increased volume. The capacity of the vessel to hold roughly 10% of the total fluid in the heater is taken into consideration when choosing its size.

Legs that measure between 200 and 250 mm in height are welded to the steel pipe register so that it can be used independently. When a device is integrated into a heating circuit, its movement is unplanned, and the walls are sufficiently sturdy, brackets are utilized for stationary mounting. Occasionally, a combined installation method is utilized for extremely large registers, meaning that the device is mounted on the wall in addition to being arranged on racks.

Advantages and disadvantages of heating registers

The incredibly straightforward design of heating registers ensures their dependability and longevity. They practically never leak, can withstand hydraulic shocks, and last for decades before failing. Nothing can be broken in them.

The bulkiness and ugly look of this device are its only drawbacks. Because of this, heating registers are used to heat auxiliary buildings such as garages and greenhouses as well as industrial spaces. д.)

The diameter and length of the pipes that are used determine how heating registers are installed. They are either mounted on specially made supports or hinged and fixed to the wall, depending on the available space.

In which heating systems are used

Any heating system can make use of heating registers. They function flawlessly with both antifreeze and water.

Installing an electric heater with a thermoregulator in the lower portion of the pipe and using electricity to heat the coolant is another method of using the register. Installing an expansion tank in the upper portion of the device with a volume of at least 0.1 of the total coolant used in the register is the only requirement for this. When it comes to heating large farm buildings, the heating register can be thought of as a miniature version of an autonomous heating system with natural circulation.

Let’s review.

A cheap, easy-to-make, and dependable device is the heating register, which you can assemble yourself. It is essential for heating both residential and commercial spaces.

Video heating from steel smooth pipes

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Range of water-gas pipes

Pipes for gas and water are produced in compliance with state standard GOST 3262-75 requirements. All dimensions and technical requirements are regulated by this over 40-year-old law.

Three different types of pipes stand out in the assortment:

The wall thickness dictates the type of pipe. It can change between 1.8 and 5.5 mm in diameter. Wall reinforcement lengthens the service life of products and increases their ability to withstand pressure. This inherently raises the weight, cost, and metal consumption during fabrication.

Depending on the type and diameter, the weight of a 1 m linear pipe can be found using the GOST steel water-gas pipe weight table.

Crucial! The mass given in the table is theoretical; in large batches, there may be a 4-8% difference in the actual value. Products that are galvanized are always three to five percent heavier.

The table indicates that water-gas pipe steel can have a conditional passage between 6 and 150 mm, or between ¼ and 6 inches. Fittings, control valves, and shut-off valves are frequently marked with measurements expressed in inches. Therefore, when finishing the system, it is crucial to use these units of measurement correctly.

As an aside, you can recalculate the diameter if you don’t have the table nearby. For this purpose, it suffices to know that 1 English inch, or 25.4 mm, is equivalent to the average thickness of an adult man’s thumb. By dividing the nominal bore value by 25 and rounding to the closest standard value, it is simple to determine all gauges.

The figure below illustrates basic geometry and physics formulas that can be used to manually determine the mass of the pipe. It is easy to use and lets you automate the process for large volumes of calculations.

The figure adopts the following notations:

D is the pipe’s internal diameter;

D stands for external diameter;

B is the wall’s thickness;

S is the cross-sectional area of metal;

The metal’s volume is V.

M is the product’s mass;

Ρ is the steel’s specific weight, or 7.85 g/cm3.

Crucial! It is important to remember that nominal bore and internal diameter are not synonymous. For a given nominal bore, pipes with varying wall thicknesses have varying internal diameters. It is understood that the nominal bore is a standardized value in the product range that is only roughly equivalent to the d value. The process of choosing shaped elements and other components is made much simpler when pipes of various types are brought to the same nominal diameter.

It’s important to recognize steel pipes’ high strength qualities. They possess the same degree of stiffness as a metal bar with an equivalent diameter. It is also far less expensive. As a result, the heaviest type of product will weigh 30–40% less than rolled metal products.

As a result, water-gas pipes are frequently utilized in mechanical engineering and construction for the building of diverse structures, in addition to being used for the transportation of different media at any temperature.

Heat output of heating registers made of smooth pipes. Excel calculation.

The figure below displays the coolant flow scheme and the heating register of four smooth pipes.

Activate MS Office and the computer, then launch Excel to begin the calculation.

Initial data:

The first set of data are straightforward and uncomplicated.

Enter pipe diameter D in millimeters.

Into D3 cell: 108,0

2. The register’s length (one pipe) L in the m record

1,250 into cell D4

3. The number of pipes we write in pieces for register N.

Into D5: 4

4. Provide water at tο in degrees Celsius.

Entering D6 cell: 85

5. The temperature of the water in °C at the "return"

60 in cell D7

6. Enter the room temperature, tв, in °C.

Into D8: 18

7. The drop-down list is used to select the type of external surface for the pipes.

"In theoretical calculation" appears in the combined cells C9D9E9.

The Stefan-Boltzmann constant C0 is entered in W/(m2*K4).

Within D10: 0,00000005669

9. Acceleration during free fall, expressed in m/s2.

In D11 cell: 9,80665

It is possible to model any "temperature situation" for any size of heating register by altering the initial data!

This program also makes it simple to calculate the heat output of a single horizontal pipe! It suffices to indicate that there are one (N = 1) pipes in the heating register for this purpose.

Calculation results:

10. The chosen external surface type determines the pipes’ radiating surfaces’ ε degree of blackness automatically.

>INDEX(H5:H31;G2) = 0,810 in cell D13

There is a choice between 27 different types of external pipe surfaces and their level of blackness in the database, which is situated on the same sheet as the calculation program. (See the file that can be downloaded at the article’s conclusion.)

11. We compute the average temperature of the pipe walls (tst) in °C.

Equals (D6+D7)/2 in cell D14, or 72,5.

Tst = ( tο + tо )/2

12. The calculation of the temperature head dt in °C

=D14-D8 = 54,5 in cell D15

Dt is equal to tst – tв.

13. Define the air’s volumetric expansion coefficient (β) in 1/K.

Within D16 cell: =1/(D8+273) = 0,003436

Β = 1/(tв + 273)

14. We compute the kinematic viscosity of air (ν) in m2/s.

0,0000000001192*D8^2+0,000000086895*D8+0,000013306 = 0,00001491 is the value in cell D17.

= 0,0000000001192* tв 2 + 0,000000086895* tв + 0,000013306 ν

15. To determine Prandtl criteria

0.00000073*D8^2-0.00028085*D8+0.70934 = 0,7045 in cell D18

Tв 2-0,00028085* Pr = 0,00000073* tв +0,70934

16. Calculate the air’s heat transfer coefficient (λ).

0.000000022042*D8^2+0.0000793717*D8+0.0243834 = 0,02580 in cell D19

Λ = -0,000000022042* tв 2 + 0,0000793717* tв +0,0243834

17. Calculate the area in m2 of the pipes register A’s heat-removing surfaces.

=PI()*D3/1000*D4*D5 = 1,6965 is found in cell D20.

D / 1000 * L * N * A = π

18. Calculate the heat flux of radiation from the heating register pipe surfaces (Qи) in W.

The formula in cell D21 is =D10*D13*D20*((D14+273)^4-(D8+273)^4)*0.93^(D5-1) = 444.

Qи equals C0 *ε *A * *0,93( N -1) (( t st +273)4- ( t в +273)4)

19. We compute the radiation heat transfer coefficient, αи, in W/(m2*K).

=D21/(D15*D20) = 4,8 in cell D22

Αи = Qи /( dt * A )

20. Calculate Grasgof’s criterion Gr.

In D23: =D11*D16*(D3/1000)^3*D15/D17^2 = 10410000

Gr = dt / ν 2 / g * β *( D /1000)3*

21. The Nusselt standard Nu locate

Cell D24 has the formula =0,5*(D23*D18)^0,25 =26,0194.

Nu = 0.25 * ( Gr * Pr )

22. The heat flux’s convective component Qк is computed in W.

=D26*D20*D15 = 462 in cell D25

Qк = αк * A * dt

23. In accordance with that, we calculate the heat transfer coefficient by convection αк in W/(m2*K).

=D24*D19/(D3/1000)*0.93^(D5-1) = 5,0 is found in cell D26.

Nu*λ /(D /1000)*0,93( N -1) = αк

24. The heating register Q’s total heat flux capacity is measured in W and Kcal/hour, respectively.

In cell D27: 906 = D21 + D25

Q is equal to Qк + Qи.

Furthermore, in cell D28: =D27*0.85985 = 779

Q" is equal to Q * 0,85985.

25. We find the heat transfer coefficients in W/(m2*K) and Kcal/(hour*m2*K) for the surfaces of the heating register and the air, respectively.

In D29 cell: = D22+D26 = 9,8

Α = αи + αк

And in D30, we have =D29*0,85985 = 8,4.

Α" = α * 0,85985

The Excel calculation is now complete. It has been discovered that the heating register’s pipes transmit heat!

Practice repeatedly validates calculations!

This website has several more articles about thermal calculations. Through the "All Blog Articles" page or the links below the article, you can easily access them. These articles provide a straightforward explanation of the fundamental ideas of heat engineering along with examples.

Advantages and disadvantages

Smooth pipe heating registers offer several benefits.

• For premises of large area are one of the best options for heating devices. Due to their considerable length they provide uniform heating and create comfortable conditions. Heating is not local, but extensive.
• Hydraulic resistance is very small compared to cast iron or steel radiators. This allows to significantly reduce pressure losses in the system, and consequently the cost of pumping the coolant. The same feature makes it possible to use an open heating system with natural circulation for large rooms.
• Straight sections of pipes with large diameters are less susceptible to siltation and overgrowth in contrast to radiators of complex shape. Therefore, heating registers practically do not need to be washed.
• Simple design can be made with your own hands from available materials with significant savings.
• Service life is quite long, minimum 25 years. The degree of reliability depends mainly on the quality of the welds.
• Smooth surface for easy cleaning. This feature allows the use of registers in rooms with higher sanitary norms.
• Convenient for drying towels, linen and clothes.

The following can be linked to the drawbacks of smooth pipe registers:

• Small heating surface per unit length, which forces the use of devices of large dimensions;
• Large metal intensity;
• Large diameters force the use of a large volume of coolant, which makes the system very inertial and difficult to regulate;
• Unattractive appearance of budget models and huge price of non-standard design configurations.

Technical characteristics

GOST 31311-2005 standardizes the technical specifications for heating devices, including tubular radiators. This standard states that pipes with a wall thickness of at least 1.25 mm that comply with GOST 3262, GOST 8734, GOST 10705, and GOST 10706 should be used in their manufacture. According to GOST 15527, towel dryers can be made of brass (copper-zinc alloys), stainless steel, and carbon steel with a wall thickness of at least 3 mm.

As long as the heaters meet all standard requirements and have the required strength characteristics, other materials may be used. As long as the fundamental requirements are satisfied, the manufacturer is free to choose how a device is designed; there is no standardization in this regard. This greatly broadens the range of applications for tubular radiators by allowing complete creative freedom and the creation of distinctive design configurations.

Smooth pipe heating register characteristics are contingent upon the material, size, and configuration chosen. Special formulas, tables, or manufacturer’s materials are used to determine them.

Let’s examine the primary characteristics of traditional steel registers. Their use of large diameter pipes, primarily between 32 and 219 mm, is what distinguishes them. Up to 100 Pa (10 kgf/m2) of operating pressure are tolerated by them. A range of liquids, including water, oil, antifreeze, and high-temperature steam, can serve as the heat carrier.

Any expert with welding abilities can create the register of smooth steel pipes by hand if they have a detailed drawing. Finding a source material, a welding machine, and an angle grinder will suffice for this task. A register can also be ordered at the factory based on custom drawings.

Crucial! It is imperative to preserve not only the pipe’s length, diameter, and quantity, but also the space between them. The device’s heat output is greatly reduced by an excessively close location because of the mutual influence of the elements.

The device may be enormous and difficult to install and operate if the distance is too great. The ideal row spacing for a heating register is thought to be 1.5 radii, with a minimum of 50 mm.

All parameters should be chosen using thermal calculations, taking into account the room’s characteristics and the necessary heat transfer. This will yield the best results. Even a well-made register might not be able to heat the available area if calculations are done incorrectly.

Steel pipes are a vital part of insulation and heating systems because they are dependable and long-lasting. You can minimize heat loss and guarantee effective heat distribution throughout your house by selecting the proper kind of steel pipe. Over time, this decision can lower energy costs and create a more comfortable living space.

Steel pipes require routine inspections and maintenance to remain functional and long-lasting. Early resolution of minor issues can stop more serious ones later on, like leaks or corrosion. Your insulation and heating system will last longer if you maintain it proactively.

Think about things like pipe diameter, thickness, and coating when choosing steel pipes because these things affect how long-lasting and effective your system will be overall. Speaking with an expert can assist you in making decisions that are in line with the unique insulation and heating requirements of your house.

To sum up, steel pipes are a wise investment for insulation and heating systems. They can provide strong performance and energy efficiency with the right selection and upkeep, ultimately improving your home’s comfort and lowering your energy expenses. To make sure you’re selecting the best options for your insulation and heating system, don’t be afraid to consult an expert.

Video on the topic

System unit. Picture loss. 16.04.2025

Heating register with your own hands ..

Manufacture of steel radiators