Leningrad heating system Scheme for a two -story building

It is imperative that your home has effective insulation and heating, particularly in areas like Leningrad that experience severe winters. In addition to keeping your home cozy and warm, a well-designed heating system lowers energy expenses. This article delves into the details of a heating system scheme designed for a Leningrad two-story building, emphasizing workable fixes and efficient tactics.

A two-story house’s heating needs depend on a number of variables, such as the building’s size, the local climate, and the occupants’ preferred methods of heating. As winter temperatures in Leningrad can drop below zero, having a dependable heating system is essential. Through a comprehensive comprehension of the distinct obstacles presented by the local climate and architectural features, homeowners can make well-informed choices to guarantee maximum comfort and energy economy.

The proposed heating system scheme prioritizes sustainability and effectiveness for a two-story building located in Leningrad. This plan seeks to minimize heat loss while maintaining constant warmth through the use of energy-efficient appliances, insulation, and central heating. Homeowners can greatly lower their carbon footprint and aid in environmental preservation by implementing cutting-edge technologies and best practices.

The incorporation of radiant floor heating is central to the heating system scheme and is especially appropriate for multi-story buildings such as those in Leningrad. By distributing heat evenly throughout the floors, this technique gets rid of cold spots and guarantees a cozy interior climate all around the house. Furthermore, adequate insulation is essential for maintaining heat retention and maximizing energy use. Examples of this include double-glazed windows and well-insulated walls.

While delving into the nuances of a two-story building’s Leningrad heating system scheme, it is imperative to emphasize the significance of expert consultation and installation. By collaborating with skilled heating engineers and contractors, homeowners can customize the system to meet their unique requirements and guarantee a smooth integration into their house. Leningrad residents can experience comfortable winters without sacrificing energy efficiency with careful planning and execution.

Component	Description
Boiler	Heats water to circulate through the system.
Radiators	Distribute heat throughout the house.
Pipes	Carry hot water from the boiler to the radiators and back.
Thermostat	Controls the temperature by signaling the boiler to turn on or off.

Calculation

Accurately calculating the heating system is crucial for achieving the best heat transfer at the lowest possible electricity cost. You must be aware of the power in order to do this:

To do this, you must be aware of the power:

• boiler;
• radiators and their number in each room;
• expansion tank. As well as the diameter and length of the line.

Determination of the power of the boiler

The heat loss in each room is calculated to find the boiler installation’s power. Heat loss happens through the walls, below, and through the ceiling. Use the following formula to calculate: Multiply the area (walls, windows, and ceiling) by the appropriate loss factor for each of these separately. Additionally, the outcome is summed up and a determination regarding the boiler installation’s power is made.

There’s another quicker way to calculate. Depending on the area, there are recommendations for the boiler’s specific power.

The computation is performed using the formula WC = WUD x S/10, where WK is the boiler’s power and Wood is the suggested specific power.

You can then choose radiators and draw a heating plan after that.

Calculation of the power of radiators and their number

The area of the room, heat loss—which is influenced by the type of wall and whether or not there are windows—determines how many radiators and sections are installed in them.

Using the area and height of the ceilings as inputs, they compute the room’s volume using the formula V = s * h.

One square meter of brick homes requires 0.034 kW to maintain a comfortable temperature. Multiply the required thermal energy for the room’s heating by 0.034 per volume.

Next, select a radiator, calculate one section’s power, and divide the previous result by that section’s power. Count the necessary number of sections as a result.

Determination of the diameter and pipe material

Determining the pipe’s diameter for optimal efficiency is a crucial step in the Leningradka parameter calculation process.

It takes "passage" for natural circulation to occur. The pipe system is visible in this instance. Using forced movement To balance the contour, pipes in different places can have varying diameters.

Calculate the hydraulic resistance in each area and compare the results to decide what material should be used for the pipes. This is carried out in accordance with the formulae, which consider the following variables: connection (tap, tee, balance of balancing), roughness, and the length and turns of the pipes.

The heat loss is then calculated. Taking into account resistance. Information on the pipe’s outer diameter, wall thickness, supply speed, and water consumption are needed for this.

The volume of the expansion tank

Information about the volume of coolant in circulation is required for computation. The volume of the expansion tank equals 110 fluid liters. The formula W = π (d2/4) l is used to determine the number of coolant, accounting for the pipe’s internal diameter and the length of the entire highway.

Citation. Everyone is able to calculate a single-pipe system manually and independently, or they can use expert software that is easy to use for the average user.

System elements installation rules

Connection of steel pipes

Joining two steel pipes

The following techniques are used to connect metal pipes used in heating systems:

• thread,
• Masplain/electric arc.

Because the connection is stronger, welding is the compound that is in the highest demand. Before welding, the joined pieces are cleaned with a file and a grinder for the chain, and then they are cleaned and degreased.

Filler wire is used to form a seam during gas welding. The electrode "-" and the pipe’s "+" are linked when using electric arc welding. There is an imbalance in the connection.

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The heating system can be readily repaired (installation/dismantling work) thanks to threaded connections. Various GOST-compliant steel and cast-iron fittings are used for the connection, along with sealants (linen and asbestos strands impregnated). After dusting and cleaning threaded joints, installation is completed using pipe keys.

Saber saws are the most effective tool for cutting metal pipes.

Video – Work with steel pipes

Expansion tank

An open-type tank is a container that has a bottom threaded connection that is used to complete the connection.

An expansion tank that is open in design

A closed-type tank resembles an airtight capsule. In the return pipeline, it is typically connected in front of the pump. A gas key is used for installation, along with a stepped divorce. The location of the tank installation facilitates easy access for commissioning and maintenance tasks. Strictly speaking, installation is done at an air temperature of plus.

Take note! At least 10% of the heating system’s total volume should be made up of the expansion tank. Setting takes place before the membrane tank is installed.

The nipple is removed along with the plastic plug. To get the air pressure down to 1.1 kPa, a car pump is connected. The heating circuit pressure needs to be higher than 0.2 kPa in a tank.

Setting takes place before the membrane tank is installed. The nipple is removed along with the plastic plug. To get the air pressure down to 1.1 kPa, a car pump is connected. The heating circuit pressure needs to be higher than 0.2 kPa in a tank.

Consider looking into the information-sole-carrier.

It’s difficult to fit crashes into the heating pipeline. It is connected to the "American" tap, which allows for additional repair work to be done without removing coolant from the system. Strands of linen compact the threaded connection between the "American" and the tank.

Dowels hold the tank capacity itself to the wall. The housing has specific holes for fastening, or a metal clamp can be used.

An illustration of tying down a tank

Video – extensor tank

Circulation pump for heating

You can install the system in a "wet" or "dry" pump. The first device’s rotor does not come into contact with the coolant; its efficiency is approximately 80%, and it produces a lot of noise when it operates.

Details on how to install the heating pump correctly might be of interest to you.

Although "wet" devices are less demanding and noisy, their efficiency is only 50%. The installation process follows the plan shown below. It is necessary to place the pump shaft horizontally.

It is advised to install a ball polypropylene tap on both sides of the pump to minimize the need for future repairs. By blocking them, the pump could be disassembled without removing any coolant from the system.

Following accessory assembly, the pump is installed with bypas installed and cut into the main pipeline (on the return line closer to the boiler).

Video – installation of a circulation pump

Heating pipes embedded in the ground

Radiators connected in parallel

Radiators’ diagonal connections

Joining two steel pipes

Leningrad on a heated surface

The schematic of the pump connection

Closed-system single-pipe heating

Heating pipe wiring in a vertical scheme

Battery temperature controllers

Heating pipe layout in a horizontal manner

Heating batteries with ball valves

A tiny section of the pipeline, installed parallel to the reinforcement, is the heating system’s bypass. It is shut off and regulated.

An illustration of tying down a tank

An expansion tank that is open in design

How to make a heating structure with your own hands

The Leningrad heating system is manufactured over the course of several stages.

Calculations

Without precise calculations, it is impossible to arrange the heating properly. What must be computed prior to installing a one-pipe scheme:

• Heating power – the amount of heat, which to the maximum may be necessary for heating the house. The power is calculated in a special program taking into account the size of the rooms, wall material, the presence of insulation, the amount and size of window/doorways.
• The power of each radiator – is determined by their number in the system, based on the total power of the heating system.
• The hydraulic calculation of the system – Determination of hydraulic resistances – it is necessary for organizing an effective gravity.
• The volume of the coolant and the heating system – the volume of the boiler and radiators (indicated in technical passports) + the internal volume of the pipes (calculated by the volume formulas – the length of the pipe is multiplied by the square of the internal radius and by the number "pi" – 3.14).
• Calculation of the volume of the expansion tank – Must be 15% From the volume of the coolant in the system.

The selection of a heating scheme also takes thermal calculations into consideration.

Installation

Let’s attempt it. comprehensive directions Regarding the implementation of a single-pipe system:

• Installation of a heating boiler – into a separate room or a fenced part of the corridor, verandas, kitchens. For a dump, it is desirable that the place of installation of the boiler is deepened by 0.5-1 m into the basement (a decrease in the level of the floor, step).

• Installation of heating radiators- aluminum, steel, cast -iron. Any type of batteries can be cut into a single -pipe scheme. They are necessarily placed under each window and at will – along the deaf walls of the structure.
• Fastening of the handout: in the system with natural circulation – at height, under the ceiling or in the attic.
• Fastening of an expansion tank – it is also displayed into the attic space.
• Connection of the boiler, radiators, tank, collector with propylene pipes. At the same time, it is important to take into account that the boiler pipes and radiator outputs are made of metal. To connect them to plastic pipes, special fittings will be needed. These devices have a smooth coupling on one side and thread on the other. At first – they are wound on a metal pipe, after – they are soldered with the edge of a plastic pipe.
• If necessary – together with pipes to the system The circulation pump is built.
• Filling the system with water, Checking possible leaks.
• Connection of electrical appliances (pump, possibly – boiler), trial launch of heating.

Take note! Additionally, it’s a good idea to insulate the expansion tank and the distributing collector to cut down on heat loss and avoid the heater in the attic containers freezing.

Flaws

The sequential flow of the coolant through the radiators is the primary and unstable disadvantage of the heating system’s one-pipe design. In this instance, the first comes out of the boiler heated first and is more powerful than the others.

In the event that you neglect to adjust the heat exchangers’ balance, the latter in the chain might not even begin to warm up.

Main Methods of Balancing:

1. Reliable a rise in radiator volume from the initial to the final;

2. Modifying the amount of coolant that flows through the radiators, for which ball valves or adjusting washers are fitted at the openings.

3. Willful disregard for aviation security in the heat exchangers’ initial sections.

Heating Leningrad in a private house

This heating system is most frequently utilized in private homes. It combines quality, accessibility, and simplicity to the point where any shortcomings become negligible.

Picture 1: Leningrad heating system with circulation pump and solid fuel boiler.

Peculiarities

It looks like this:

1. The temperature of heating radiators regulated in each individual room.
2. Since the batteries are connected parallel to the pipe, any radiator can be turned off or completely dismantled, which will not affect the operation of the system.

Advantages

"Leningradka" is preferred by private home owners due to its many benefits:

• Light installation and recovery work In case of malfunction.
• No special skills are required for installation: having sorted it out, feasible to anyone who wants.
• Pipes are laid anywhere, Including.
• Available materials and equipment.
• Favorable operation.

Flaws

The system has several drawbacks in spite of its benefits:

• For the most efficient work High pressure is required. For these purposes, a circulation pump is installed and the temperature of the coolant is increased.
• With a horizontal scheme arise difficulties with connecting the second circuit (warm floor).
• With natural circulation Far radiators give less heat due to coolant cooling, and At the entrance, the temperature is much lower, than at the exit.
• Low efficiency with a large length Carriers.

Larger diameter pipes are used to ensure the efficacy and uniformity of the coolant distribution, which detracts from the aesthetics and raises the heating costs.

The principle of operation of the system

The Leningradka type heating model’s operating scheme is fairly straightforward. physics for beginners. As the boiler heats the coolant to the proper temperature, it rises. Following its further passage through the heating elements, which release some of the heat, it descends in accordance with natural laws and returns to the boiler, where it is heated once more before continuing in a circle.

This circulation occurs naturally. Additives are frequently used to enhance the flow of water through pipes. Forced circulation is what this is. Because this option requires energy, you must design the system such that the coolant will naturally circulate even after the electricity is turned off.

In which houses are the installation of pumping single -pipe systems beneficial

Reducing the length of heating pipes in comparison to two-pipe schemes is a natural feature of multi-story residential buildings and industrial buildings (warehouses, workshops), which are distinguished by hundreds of meters of heating contours. Heating pipes are actually saved by the use of "one-pipe" in them. The fact that both consumers and heat engineers/practitioners misunderstand the true cost-benefit ratio of this kind of heating accounts for its widespread use in custom construction.

Small two-story homes measuring roughly 100 square meters (50 kV on the first floor and 50 kV on the second) are common places to install "one-pipes," which function best with short contours holding four to five heating devices. Single-pipe schemes are not ideal for large houses with lots of radiators, but they do work for objects with 12 batteries in the floor circuit, like the vertical-horizontal one-pipe scheme below.

Mixed one-pipe (vertically – horizontally) system.

A little about how to connect radiators

Radiators are connected in a private home using one of the following methods, which applies Leningrad heating:

• Lower connection. The pipe enters the radiator from the bottom left, and leaves it from the bottom right, moving to the next heating element. It is the most energetically ineffective scheme, loss of thermal energy to fifteen percent;
• Side connection. The pipe is introduced from above, and is displayed from below the radiator. With this connection, they lose up to ten percent of heat;
• Diagonal. The most effective way with minimal heat carrier losses. The pipe is introduced at the top left and displayed below on the right. At the same time, no more than five percent of thermal energy is lost.

It’s crucial to keep in mind that Leningrad’s heating system can be designed with a pump so that scheduled and emergency maintenance can be completed without cutting off the coolant supply to the entire network. Use the following scheme to accomplish this: Place a straight jumper between the radiator’s coolant intake and output.

Install three needle valves, or shut-off valves, on the pipe that connects the radiator, the radiator’s exit, and the radiator’s entrance. Naturally, the valves must be positioned so that stopping one component won’t stop the coolant from flowing throughout the network. A crane setup on a jumper allows you to troubleshoot the chain’s various temperature points.

Use the following scheme to accomplish this: place a straight jumper between the radiator’s coolant input and output. Install three needle valves, or shut-off valves, on the pipe that connects the radiator, the radiator’s exit, and the radiator’s entrance. Naturally, the valves must be positioned so that stopping one component won’t stop the coolant from flowing throughout the network. A crane setup on a jumper allows you to troubleshoot the chain’s various temperature points.

Installation and its features.

The Leningradka pipeline surrounds the whole outside of the house in the form of a ring-closed system. A vertical pipe directly adjacent to the boiler is inspected to make sure there is a sufficient temperature differential to initiate the coolant’s thermal movement. Simultaneously, an expansion tank is attached in close proximity to the upper section of the vertical insert. The coolant pressure in the heating system will never fluctuate due to the existence of this tank in the system, regardless of temperature.

The simplest insert into the heating line connects heating radiators. There are two methods for creating the insert, depending on the connection scheme chosen.

1. Lower connection. At the same time, radiators are connected to the system through their lower nozzles.
2. Diagonal connection, in which the coolant is introduced through the upper pipe on one side of the radiator, and is excreted through the lower from the opposite side. This method of connection is sometimes called full -pass

Installation of the system

Furthermore, the "Leningradka" design’s simplicity does not preclude the addition of more control elements to its system, which are a common feature of practically all contemporary heating systems. For instance, installing cranes with any kind of action principle and thermostatic valves for energy conservation are both permitted. To ensure that this intervention has no discernible impact on the temperature of the systems located further according to the system’s element scheme, the same cranes and valves can also be used to adjust the coolant supply to separate radiators.

The widespread use of bypasses and cranes to connect heating devices is another unique feature that can be considered when designing a project and installing at the site of this system. Because of them, radiator repairs are made easier because it is possible to remove them without halting the operation of the entire system or to completely replace them when necessary.

See also about.

Video – installation of a heating system of Leningradka

One -pipe steam and water heating or Leningradka

One pipe serves as both the water supply and return, hence the name "one-pipe." The pipe trunk exits the boiler, travels to the heating batteries, travels through them, and then returns to the boiler.

Water transfers a portion of its heat to heating as it moves through each radiator in turn. She thus goes into the cooled down to the final radiator.

The temperature differential between the initial and final battery It can be prepared at 10–20 °C.

Pros and cons, can it be used in a multi -storey building

The benefits of a one-pipe plan that guarantee her fame:

• Simplicity and price availability – This is the most simple heating system in a technological plan. The construction will need a minimum number of pipes for its construction, which will cost a relatively small amount of money.
• The coolant in the pipes can move by a very, which is relevant for autonomous independent heating operation.

The primary system flaw is the uneven room heating. It restricts the use of a plan for buildings with multiple stories. As a result, single-pipe systems are typically employed in modest homes up to 100 square meters in size and are not appropriate for heating apartments.

The advantages and disadvantages of Leningradka

The faucet that lets you stop one radiator

Every heating system has benefits and drawbacks. And Leningrad was no different. Let’s begin by discussing this system’s benefits:

• High economic indicator. You can save both on installation and operation of the system.
• Accessibility of materials and equipment. Pipes, boilers, shut -off, regulating and controlling reinforcements always in a large assortment are in almost all specialized stores.
• Ease of installation and repair, if such a need appears. By the way, heating Leningrad with your own hands is not a problem. It is important to deal with the scheme here and take into account everything that was said above.

There are drawbacks to this kind of system, but they are always attainable:

• Uneven distribution of the coolant, if the circuit with natural circulation is used. In this case, the radiators in the far rooms from the boiler must be built up with additional sections.
• If horizontal wiring of pipes is used, then the “warm floors” or heated towel rails are unlikely to be installed.
• In order for this scheme to work effectively, it is necessary to increase the pressure of the coolant itself. How to do it? The first is to raise its temperature. The second is to install a circulation pump.

Automatic regulation of heating system parameters

The servo drive is an automated system that gives the mixer the control signal by applying the predetermined coolant parameters. The heating servo drive is as follows. A signal is sent to the servo drive, which moves the mixer (three or four ways) to the position that corresponds to the temperatures set on the sensors, from a room thermostat or other sensors that set the temperature of the floor, coolant, or air in the room.

For instance, shifting the mixer shuttle involves adjusting the floor temperature. This motion diverts the warm floor’s circuit and reroutes a portion of the coolant to the "return." As a result, the floor temperature drops. When the minimum allowable temperature is reached, the servo drive is activated once more. However, this time, it covers the damper, allowing coolant to enter the circuit and raising the temperature to the reading on the sensor. Periodically, the cycle is carried out again.

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Installation in a horizontal scheme

Although this installation scheme is straightforward, there are some subtleties that need to be considered when working on it. Thus, the highway ought to be either incorporated into the floor’s design or placed above it.

The system’s thermal insulation requires special attention; otherwise, the goal of preventing high heat transfer will not be achieved.

The coating will be installed directly beneath the system when it is laid out on the floor. When working with a single-pipe system, the installation process can be completed while the job is being done.

It is necessary to mount the supply line at an angle in order to create the appropriate slope for liquid circulation. The heating batteries are positioned at the same level in this instance. It is still necessary to install Maevsky’s taps on radiators because they will enable the system to be free of air bubbles.

Installation of Leningradka

Once you are familiar with the installation guidelines and have drawn up the project (which is developed prior to building construction), you can install Leningradka by hand.

• First of all, a boiler with a chimney and heat exchanger is installed;
• Pipelines with a diameter of 1.5 – 2 inches are laid along the boiler around the perimeter of the room. The highway (the largest pipe into which all branches of the smaller diameter crashes) forms a ring that closes on a heating boiler. The filter is installed on the return and the pipe is inserted through which filling or draining the coolant will be carried out;
• Near the boiler the element crashes to which the vertical line pipeline will be connected;
• The expansion tank is installed, for example, in the attic, heated qualitatively. Connection is made by inserting the pipeline near the boiler (on the section of the line with the return). If a closed damper is used, then a security group should be present in the system – a safety valve, an air vent, a manometer;

The principle of operation of the heating scheme Leningrad

Modern heating technology and equipment’s advent allowed Leningradka to be better managed and have more functional capabilities.

A single pipeline connects a series of heating devices (panels, converters, and radiators) in the traditional "Leningradka" setup. This system allows the coolant, which is either water or a mixture of antifreeze, to circulate freely. One source of heat is the boiler. Along the walls surrounding the housing’s perimeter, radiators are installed.

Among the most basic plans for the arrangement of heating

The connecting devices and system device principle

Incredibly basic heating system

Leningradka’s minimum material intensity

The system’s extendor tank for open heating

A closed heating system with a single pipe and an expansomate

A typical choice with a poorer connection

The coolant supply in the schematics featuring the upper wiring

Depending on where the pipeline is located, there are two types of heating systems:

• horizontal;
• Vertical.

One can locate the system pipeline from above or from below. The lower pipes are simpler to install, but the upper position of the pipes is thought to transfer heat most effectively.

The system’s economic priorities are somewhat lowered because the lower connection of the devices necessitates the use of the pump. The longer pipeline and higher construction costs are a result of the upper version’s requirement for an exact calculation during the design phase and the accelerated area device.

In order to send the coolant into the radiator, a narrowing of the pipes must be provided during the lower connection of heating devices to the heating line.

Coolant circulation can happen naturally or under force (with the circulation pump). The system may also be of the open or closed type. The characteristics of each kind of system will be covered in the following section.

The "Leningradka" one-pipe heating system is ideal for small, one- or two-story residential buildings with up to five radiators, which is the ideal number. Careful design calculations are required when using 6-7 batteries. Even with eight radiators, the system might not be efficient enough, and the cost of installation and improvement is excessive.

The diagonal connection in a single-pipe scheme can improve the system’s heat transfer by 10% to 12%, but it does not remove the "skew" in the temperature mode between the boiler’s first and the extreme batteries.

Wiring options and the principle of action

A straightforward Leningrad heating system makes use of the special qualities of liquids, which soften and rise to a radiator when heated. In a one-story home, pipes are typically installed at floor level or beneath the floors to form the building’s perimeter. An extra heat source called hot pipe helps to heat the space more evenly. Therefore, freezing of areas away from radiators is not included. When properly calculated and installed, a single-pipe Leningrad heating system is sufficient for heating private homes and cottages.

The simplest one-pipe wiring scheme is being modernized by heating Leningrad, in theory. All radiators in a single-pipe system are connected in turn, and the coolant from the last battery is recycled back into the boiler for further heating. The system is extremely antiquated, and its primary flaw is the radiators’ uneven heating along the coolant’s path. The second disadvantage is that you have to turn off the heating system in order to replace or fix any radiator.

The uneven heating is negligible with a small number of radiators (no more than 5) if the system is installed as closed with a circulation pump. One-pipe plan. Larger diameter pipes can be used in conjunction with an open expansion tank to function as a gravitational force.

Modernized one -pipe scheme of Leningradka

How the batteries are connected to the supply pipe defines a single-pipe heating system with mandatory Leningrad circulation. In the direction that hot water moves through the pipe, radiators are cut parallel to it. The lower battery pipe is connected after the top of the radiator, though the lower connection can also be used. Lower connection: this is where the radiator’s input and output pipes are situated. Heating devices are uniformly heated by the coolant moving at a sufficient speed in the supply pipe. Thus, the heating system in a private residence in Leningrad is an easy-to-use and dependable one.

Additional heating is provided by the supply pipeline, which is positioned around the outside of the structure.

Convectors hidden in niches under large windows can be connected if needed. With the convector positioned horizontally, a unique pipe insert must be made in order for water to enter it during installation. It is welded into the supply pipe after being cut at a 45-degree angle. A portion of the water from the supply pipe branches off and enters the convector, creating resistance to the run-up stream.

Vertical one -pipe heating scheme

A vertical wiring scheme is used in multi-story buildings. After being exposed to the attic, the supply pipe is insulated. The supply pipe is lowered to reveal diting pipes. The floors’ batteries are connected in a sequential manner.

It’s crucial that the radiators are positioned precisely in one vertical orientation during installation.

There are occasions when radiators on different floors are connected in parallel. The battery connection and the supply pipe are connected in parallel at the same time. The battery outputs are connected in parallel to a different pipe that is lowered and connected to the "Reverse" pipe. The components of the two-pipe system are distinguishable in this instance. This is a hybrid plan.

Leningrad diagram with natural circulation

A single-pipe heating system with natural circulation of Leningrad, in which water moves due to gravity, can be useful for small homes and cottages. Large enough diameter pipes must be used in order to arrange such a system. The increased volume of coolant and the bigger diameter of the supply pipe will lessen the hydraulic resistance and the uneven heating of the radiators. A second source of heat is provided by the pipe that is positioned around the outside of the space. It is essential to install pipes by following their inclination in the coolant’s direction of movement.

A straightforward and dependable heating system is easy to install and maintain. It is simple to update. It becomes feasible to change or fix batteries while installing bypasses, cranes, and valves without having to shut down the system. Following modernization, the Leningrad scheme permits the installation of the preferred temperature and the modification of the radiator return in various rooms.

Construction schemes

The construction of individual low-rise homes is where the horizontal one-pipe system is most frequently utilized. Vertical: in large, multi-story mass.

Horizontal

Beginning at the boiler’s output pipe and ending at the input, the highway is a horizontal ring. It is positioned 5–10 centimeters above the floor (or occasionally beneath it), sloping slightly in the direction of the coolant movement toward the boiler.

It is fitted with radiators using a nozzle with a smaller diameter. There are two ways that heat exchangers can be connected:

1. Upper wiring in the event that the upper manifold and supply pipe are connected;

2. Lower wiring: The coolant supply and output are connected from below.

Radiators in a horizontal layout always have coolant flowing into them from one edge and out the other. As a result, the system’s hydrodynamic resistance is decreased.

Several more technical solutions are employed to ensure that the system with a horizontal prefabricated line operates normally.

Following the boiler pipe’s output, a vertical pipe is installed, the upper end of which, if the system is open, is mounted with an expansion tank; otherwise, it is equipped with an automatic air capture device. In highways, this guarantees a higher background pressure value.

Since the height differential between the boiler’s lower point and the first radiator’s upper plane determines the outcome, it has no effect on the coolant circulation.

But higher pressure raises the boiling point, protecting a single-pipe horizontal system—whose natural circulation is typically very slow—from hydrouches.

In horizontal single-pipe systems, circulation can be forced or spontaneous.

The naturally occurring vertical pipe that rises and the coolant that falls downward due to gravity are activated by the so-called acceleration collectors.

This allows him to move along the prefabricated line at a fairly fast pace. But as experience has shown, using such a device only works well in homes with ceilings higher than 2.5 meters.

Vertical

Given that there are still national teams and feeding highways in multi-story buildings, this is a sort of compromise solution. The executive riser, which has radiators mounted on it, is located between them. They are arranged sequentially, but one above the other (poetry), because the pipe is a single unit.

The layout of the house’s single-pipe Leningrad system looks like this.

The coolant in a vertical one-pipe system can be supplied from both above and below. Although the supply from below reduces heat loss in the main supply riser, it necessitates higher power circulation pumps. The coolant is also encouraged to flow by gravity when there is a rosill from above, which lowers the cost of pumping it.

Radiators in the vertical Leningrad system can be connected only by a dead end circuit of the coolant movement. In them, he changes the direction by 1800, which allows them to more fully perceive heat, but increases their hydrodynamic resistance.

Leningrad. Features of the scheme

One pipe makes up the Leningrad heating scheme. The way her highway is wired, the coolant flows from one heating device to the next by placing them on the circuit in a sequential order. Leningrad’s plumbing system can be either horizontal or vertical, with lower or upper wiring, just like any other single-pipe system. As such, the decision will need to be made during the design phase.

Take note! Experts advise installing this heating system no more than two stories up in the house.

This system operates on a very basic principle. The heating boiler’s coolant enters the supply line, travels through each room, and then returns to the boiler. In other words, it emerges as a closed circuit, and a cycle of coolant flows through it.

Heating radiators that are connected to the supply pipeline are installed in every room. The quantity needed to ensure that the room is heated effectively may vary depending on the size of the radiator rooms.

Such a system can operate either naturally or through forced coolant circulation. A circulation pump must be installed in the circuit if the second option is chosen. Contemporary heating system requirements also include the installation of various locking reinforcement and control devices. They do, of course, increase project costs, but in their absence, the system’s efficiency is drastically diminished. Don’t save as a result.

What benefits come with installing the newest, most advanced devices and nodes?

1. You can adjust the temperature in separate rooms. For example, to reduce the temperature to a minimum or, conversely, increase it. A complete disconnection of the room from heating is not allowed to maintain the room in good condition.
2. You can reduce or increase the temperature of each individual heating device, without affecting other.
3. This makes it possible to turn off a separate heating device if there is a need to repair it. The remaining radiators will be operated in working order, and the general temperature regime of the house will not suffer.

System elements installation rules

Connection of steel pipes

Joining two steel pipes

The following techniques are used to connect metal pipes used in heating systems:

• thread,
• Masplain/electric arc.

Because the connection is stronger, welding is the compound that is in the highest demand. Before welding, the joined pieces are cleaned with a file and a grinder for the chain, and then they are cleaned and degreased.

Filler wire is used to form a seam during gas welding. The electrode "-" and the pipe’s "+" are linked when using electric arc welding. There is an imbalance in the connection.

The heating system can be readily repaired (installation/dismantling work) thanks to threaded connections. Various GOST-compliant steel and cast-iron fittings are used for the connection, along with sealants (linen and asbestos strands impregnated). After dusting and cleaning threaded joints, installation is completed using pipe keys.

Saber saws are the most effective tool for cutting metal pipes.

Video – Work with steel pipes

Expansion tank

An open-type tank is a container that has a bottom threaded connection that is used to complete the connection.

An expansion tank that is open in design

A closed-type tank resembles an airtight capsule. In the return pipeline, it is typically connected in front of the pump. A gas key is used for installation, along with a stepped divorce. The location of the tank installation facilitates easy access for commissioning and maintenance tasks. Strictly speaking, installation is done at an air temperature of plus.

Take note! At least 10% of the heating system’s total volume should be made up of the expansion tank. Setting takes place before the membrane tank is installed.

The nipple is removed along with the plastic plug. To get the air pressure down to 1.1 kPa, a car pump is connected. The heating circuit pressure needs to be higher than 0.2 kPa in a tank.

Setting takes place before the membrane tank is installed. The nipple is removed along with the plastic plug. To get the air pressure down to 1.1 kPa, a car pump is connected. The heating circuit pressure needs to be higher than 0.2 kPa in a tank.

It’s difficult to fit crashes into the heating pipeline. It is connected to the "American" tap, which allows for additional repair work to be done without removing coolant from the system. Strands of linen compact the threaded connection between the "American" and the tank.

Dowels hold the tank capacity itself to the wall. The housing has specific holes for fastening, or a metal clamp can be used.

An illustration of tying down a tank

Video – extensor tank

Circulation pump for heating

You can install the system in a "wet" or "dry" pump. The first device’s rotor does not come into contact with the coolant; its efficiency is approximately 80%, and it produces a lot of noise when it operates.

Although "wet" devices are less demanding and noisy, their efficiency is only 50%. The installation process follows the plan shown below. It is necessary to place the pump shaft horizontally.

The schematic of the pump connection

It is advised to install ball valves on both sides of the pump to further facilitate potential repair work. By blocking them, the pump could be disassembled without removing any coolant from the system.

Following accessory assembly, the pump is installed with bypas installed and cut into the main pipeline (on the return line closer to the boiler).

Video – installation of a circulation pump

Water heating convectors: selection, working principle, and installation Modern homes and apartments are installing more and more of these units. high heating efficiency.

Even during the worst frosts, having high-quality heating and preventing colds within the house can be achieved by installing the heating batteries yourself. Since.

When selecting a convector heater, keep in mind that the room may need to be heated further at any time of year.

Step heating via water circuit stove heating via water circle allows for more sensible use as well.

Heating Leningrad Open Wiring Scheme

One intriguing aspect of the "Leningradka" open water heating scheme is the way all structural components are arranged in a sequential manner along the walls’ outer contours. The heating boiler, which is connected to the first battery via the supply riser, is the central node of this type of single-pipe system. Hot water then flows from the first radiator into the next and so on, heating the entire house as it does so. Once all the batteries have been used, the cooled water in the return pipe goes back to the boiler to be heated once more, creating a closed cycle.

The laws of physics cause the water in the heating system to expand in volume as a result of heating. Consequently, an expansion tank is installed in order to eliminate its excesses in the circuit. Furthermore, through a unique pipe, this structural component of the open heating system is connected to the air in the space. The expansion tank reintroduces the coolant into the system once it has cooled.

A circulation pump is frequently added to a one-pipe system to improve heating efficiency. This pump is mounted on the reverse pipe in front of the boiler. This addition causes the coolant to circulate based on a forced principle, which greatly increases the heating rate of private homes with one or two stories.

The cold water supply pipeline is connected at the location where the return pipe passes through the cleaning filter and shut-off mechanism to make it easier to fill the heating system with water. Additionally, a drain pipe with a crane mounted at the end is installed at the system’s lowest point. If required, this device lets you remove all of the coolant from the system.

Standard radiators with the lower connection diagram are typically used in the construction of private homes. In this instance, every battery used to clear air traffic congestion is outfitted with a Maevsky crane. Additionally, a consistent diagonal method of connecting batteries is frequently used in private houses for Leningradka.

However, despite their widespread use, these heating wiring schemes have a single, serious flaw: they don’t allow the amount of heat transfer to be adjusted for each individual battery. Radiator connections can be made in a completely different way to address this issue.

To improve the operation of the heating system by adjusting the heat of each radiator, a parallel connection of all batteries to the riser is used. At the same time, each heating device on the input and output pipe is equipped with a shut -off reinforcement. Also, in a parallel area of the riser, which in such a situation acts as a bypas, a needle crane is mounted to adjust the intensity of the water flow through the heating battery. This was achieved thanks to the laws of physics, because with the full opening of the locking mechanism, the coolant will not flow up the battery, overcoming the gravity of the severity. This leads to the fact that with an increase in the degree of opening of the valve, the temperature in the battery decreases.

Requirements for boilers

Any kind of boiler can be used with the above-described heating scheme. The old-fashioned way of heating the house with coal or carbon briquettes is employed if there is no trunk gas pipeline, gas in the cylinders of the roads, and no desire to use electricity due to its high cost. The house will be comfortably heated and the coolant will be effectively heated by burning coal in high-efficiency modern boilers.

Before purchasing coal to heat a private residence, there are certain things to be aware of. Purchasing brown coal, stone, or anthracite is advised by many experts. Ordering and delivery are usually hassle-free, and you can place any size order online. Peat briquettes are an alternative fuel that can be used for heating; however, their cost varies depending on the season and needs to be made clear.

What is meant by Leningradka

The city bearing the same name, where the heating system was initially installed to heat apartment buildings, is credited with giving it such a quirky name. It was created to reduce reliance as much as possible on pipeline industry products during the severe housing shortage in the former union. But since then, the heating system has undergone significant improvement, while maintaining all of its primary benefits, which continue to draw in many homeowners looking to save costs on home organization:

• minimum amount of consumables;
• simplicity of installation work, which can be performed independently;
• accessibility of the purchase of all components;
• simplicity and cheapness during operation.

The simplest idea behind the layout of a modern heating system, known as "Leningradka," is to connect all of the heating components in a sequential fashion into a single pipeline so that coolant can circulate. The cooled water returns to the central unit, a boiler, for re-heating at the same moment that it has completed the full circle and left the farthest radiator. This causes the coolant, which hot water in a closed heating circuit uses, to be moved. In this instance, the water moves and transfers heat to the batteries, warming the surrounding air.

In this article, we"ll delve into the Leningrad heating system and how it can be applied to a two-story building. The Leningrad heating system is a central heating scheme commonly used in colder climates to efficiently heat homes. For a two-story building, proper insulation and distribution of heat are crucial to ensure comfort and energy efficiency. Understanding the layout of the system, including the placement of radiators, pipes, and boiler units, is essential for effective heating. Additionally, considering factors like insulation materials, window quality, and thermostat control can further optimize energy usage and reduce heating costs. By implementing the Leningrad heating system in a two-story building, homeowners can enjoy consistent warmth and savings on their energy bills while contributing to a more sustainable environment.

Disadvantages of the Leningrad system

The primary drawback of the Lagradka horizontal circuit is its inability to facilitate the connection of additional elements, such as a heated towel rail, to the system. Additionally, installing a "warm floor" is not feasible with polypropylene Leningrad heating.

In the event that metal pipes are selected as the trunk, the cost of the required materials will rise dramatically, and the installation process will become more complex.

The final circuit radiator should have more sections and be larger than the preceding ones in order to maximize heat transfer.

Leningrad system with a pump

The primary benefit of the pipe scheme is the coolant’s ability to move and operate autonomously.

Nevertheless, a number of variables affect how effective this type of heating is; these variables can all slow down the flow of water through radiators, lowering the room’s temperature.

For example The temperature differential at the boiler’s entrance and exit determines the coolant’s speed. The larger it is, the faster the flow movement and the greater the pressure difference.

Nonetheless, it is not necessary to overheat the water when the street cooling is only slightly warmer than +8 to +10 °C. Sufficient +50 +60 °C. Additionally, compared to when heated to +80 °C, the flow rate will be noticeably lower at this temperature.

A single-pipe self-set scheme requires the boiler to be placed in a specific location, preferably in the basement or semi-basement, as low as possible. AND a lofty location—the attic. That isn’t feasible in all structures.

Additionally, a sort is not feasible. In sizable homes with more than 150 square meters of heated space. Consequently, a circulation pump that is part of a single pipe heating scheme is equipped with an extra device for larger buildings.

Coolant is forced to circulate thanks to the pump. He forces water into the pipes, causing tiny blades to spin. Operates using an electric socket as a separate power source. allows the coolant to flow from the boiler’s location to the height at which the pipe is lifted at the output, regardless of the water’s temperature during heating. in a home that has a heating system.

The principle of operation of the circuit

The engine and rotation blades are located beneath the pump’s outer body. The electric motor rotates the blades when it is connected to the entire pipeline.

Water in the pipe is forced to flow by their rotation. The next section of water reaches the empty space after passing through the pump blades as well.

Thus, the coolant is propelled in a circle by rotating blades.

Prior to entering the boiler, the pump is integrated into the system. This represents the minimum natural flow rate, or the best configuration for forced circulation.

Advantages and disadvantages

The primary benefit of heating schemes utilizing a circulation pump is its guaranteed functionality regardless of temperature and jacket battery location or connection. additionally to having the capacity to heat a single-story or multi-story home of varying sizes.

Schemes with a pump – addiction heating from electricity are one of its shortcomings.

Scheme with a pump

The components and devices in the circuit are the same as those found in a standard pipe system. and has a pump as well. There are two ways to cut it:

• Directly into the reverse current pipe. With such an inspection, the movement of the coolant is impossible.
• Through nozzles – with such an inspection, the pump is connected parallel to the general highway. If you turn it off, water can move through the main pipe without obstacles. Thus, an autonomous and dependent system can be combined in one scheme. When the pump is connected, the coolant will circulate forcibly. When it is disconnected, the water will flow through the pipe by gravity.

Diagram of a closed single-pipe heating system with a circulation pump (Photo 2).

Features of installation

Options for heating connections

The pipeline needs to be installed precisely around the building’s edge. Installation of the expansion tank is a prerequisite. To do this, a vertical pipe insert is made in the main highway close to the boiler, and the tank is installed on top of it. It produces a tiny amount of internal pressure in the pipeline, allowing the coolant to flow consistently.

There are two methods for installing the radiators in the highway. When the connection is made using the lower inputs, it is first – lower. When the coolant enters through the lower pipe and exits through the upper, the second is diagonal.

2 types of schemes and turning

But before we talk about the installation, let’s take a closer look at all the different kinds and characteristics of pipes that could be used in Leningradka.

Linked radiators in a horizontal pattern

Consider a two-story house pipeline, which is the most typical choice. Leningradka can be diluted for such buildings vertically, horizontally, or in accordance with a combined scheme.

Generally speaking, horizontal wiring is the most practical choice. This is a traditional pipe circuit, where the circuit is laid out horizontally, starting at one radiator and moving through each room in turn before ending at the heater or mixing node.

There is currently nothing better than a one- or two-story private home for a standard configuration.

When a circuit is installed zigzag style, vertical wiring allows risers to be installed from top to bottom. This option is not profitable for low-rise buildings. To serve a heated medium on every floor of the house, it is frequently paired with horizontal wiring.

There are subtleties in the radiators’ own connection layout. A diagonal or lower connection is employed in Leningradka.

The first scenario involves passing the heating pipe along each radiator’s lower line, typically at a height of 20 cm from the floor. The second one shows the radiator’s circuit entrance on one side of the upper section and the radiator’s lower section exit on the other. As a result, nearly natural liquid circulation in pipes can be achieved without the need for a pump.

Leningradka radiator with a bypass and diagonal connection

The creation of bypasses is another benefit of installing contemporary schemes. The heating circuit’s bypass is the part intended for a particular purpose.

Any heating system experiences a progressive drop in carrier temperature, particularly when it comes to large, two- or one-story homes.

Radiators get their heat from the cooling water that flows through them. The temperature differential can be felt very clearly in the final sections. The solution to this is to add a new pipe branch beneath the radiators.

A portion of the liquid is passed parallel to the radiator, preventing it from cooling down and minimizing the temperature differential.

2.1 installation

Take into consideration the steps involved in installing the system yourself.

1. We design a diagram, calculate the properties of the circuit, the diameter of the pipes, the length, select components.
2. We purchase everything you need.
3. We carry out the installation of the heater.
4. Install radiators.
5. We connect them sequentially to the pipeline.
6. In the case of problems with circulation (and they will certainly appear if the length of your circuit is more than 50 meters or the house has several floors with a single heater) we are engaged in the installation of a circulation pump.
7. We install additional ball valves to the inputs into the radiators, thermal sensors, etc.D.
8. We test the system.

If you are doing the installation by hand, make an effort to follow a precise order. We advise investing time and funds in the acquisition and setup of ball valves.

By connecting each radiator, you can effectively disconnect it from the system. In other words, you can always take it out to fix or replace it without stopping the heating circuit.

2.2 Review of the heating system of Leningrad (video)

2.3 reviews

Take into consideration the opinions of those who have already helped us weigh the benefits and drawbacks of Leningrades. What do they inform us of?

Valery, g. Permian, age 23:

There is Leningradka with horizontal wiring in my cottage. The system presents its best side to the user. All-purpose, cozy, efficient, and reasonably priced. ideal choice financially.

61-year-old g. Astrakhan Alexey:

I’ve been selling Leningradka to clients for a long time. For the entire period, there were no complaints. I suggest that you consider installing it for small private house and cottage owners. She will be her best self under these circumstances.

For comfort and energy savings, two-story buildings must have effective insulation and heating, particularly in areas like Leningrad with severe winters. We examined the Leningrad heating system plan designed especially for these kinds of buildings in this article.

The importance of balance and optimization is the main lesson to be learned from examining this heating system scheme. Effective heat distribution between floors and rooms allows residents to have constant warmth throughout the building with less energy waste.

Furthermore, incorporating insulation measures is essential to optimizing the heating system’s efficiency. In the end, proper insulation results in lower energy bills and a more sustainable living environment by reducing heat loss as well as retaining heat within the building.

Comprehending the distinct features of the Leningrad climate, such as the bitterly cold temperatures and protracted winters, emphasizes the significance of putting strong heating systems in place. This article’s description of the heating system scheme is a helpful resource for contractors and homeowners who want to successfully handle these problems.

In conclusion, residents can create a warm and comfortable living space while promoting energy efficiency and sustainability by implementing the Leningrad heating system scheme for a two-story building and complementing it with appropriate insulation measures.

Video on the topic

One-pipe system of a 2-storey building made of polypropylene