Leningrad heating system diameters of pipes

Understanding the intricacies of your home"s heating system is essential for maintaining comfort and efficiency, especially in regions with harsh winters like Leningrad. One crucial aspect of this system is the diameter of the pipes used for heating. While it might seem like a minor detail, the size of these pipes can have a significant impact on the performance and effectiveness of your heating system.

Making sure your heating system is operating at its best is crucial in Leningrad, where wintertime lows can drop well below freezing. The efficiency of heat distribution throughout your house is greatly influenced by the pipe diameter. Greater amounts of hot water or steam can be accommodated by larger diameter pipes, which improves heat distribution and speeds up reaction times when temperatures drop.

On the other hand, smaller diameter pipes might find it difficult to provide enough heat, particularly in rooms that are farther away from the heat source. This may cause the temperature in the house to fluctuate, making some parts feel overly warm and others feel cold. Furthermore, a system with smaller pipes may have higher pressure, which could cause problems like leaks or shorter equipment lifespans.

Achieving the ideal balance between cost-effectiveness and efficiency is crucial when choosing the pipe diameters for your heating system. Larger pipes may perform better, but the cost of installation and materials is also higher. However, choosing smaller pipes in order to save money up front may mean paying more in the long run because of reduced efficiency and more upkeep requirements.

In the end, the diameter of the pipes in your Leningrad heating system should be carefully selected depending on your budget, the size of your home, and the configuration of your heating system. You can make well-informed decisions and guarantee that your heating system is customized to meet your unique needs by speaking with a certified HVAC professional. This will keep you toasty and comfortable during the bitterly cold Leningrad winters.

Pipe Diameter (mm)	Recommended Application
15	For individual radiator connections or small diameter distribution pipes.
20-25	For apartments or small houses with basic heating requirements.
32-40	For larger houses or buildings with higher heating demands.

What is Leningradka

The Leningrad heating system was created for the first time in the long-ago Soviet era, but it is still widely used today. It is seen in a lot of contemporary structures. Easy installation and ongoing maintenance are two of the key justifications used by experienced builders.

There is no need to set up any special equipment in order for the coolant to flow through the highways and provide thermal energy. For work, you’ll require:

• Heating radiators
• Expansion tank
• Pipes
• Heating boiler of any model
• Circulation pump
• Thermostatic valves and valves
• Work tool

The principle of operation of the heating system of Leningradka

Leningradka operates on a very basic principle: the ability of colder liquids to push the warmer ones around maintains the coolant’s circulation. Since every heating component is linked into a single sequential circuit, the output temperature will be much lower than the input.

The system’s ability to install pipes inside the floor, directly beneath it, and above it is one of its features. Their trustworthy thermal insulation becomes unnecessary. Since the floor’s structural components will never overheat, they don’t require any special protection.

There are two types of Leningrad heating systems:

• One -pipe horizontal system
• One -pipe vertical system

One -pipe horizontal system

The use of horizontal divorce pipes is among the most popular implementation strategies. The highway lining is installed either directly above or beneath the floor.

Naturally, the second choice is better. A small amount of heat loss results from the pipe being laid into the floor, but not enough to detract from the room’s aesthetic features.

To ensure that coolant flows through pipes without major obstructions, the supply pipe’s slope must be taken into consideration. The Maevsky crane’s air remover is mounted in front of each radiator. In this instance, every gadget ought to be level.

One -pipe vertical system

With a vertical pipe line interchange, the Leningrad heating system operates far more effectively. But it has to have a circulation pump in it. The room will heat up much more quickly as a result.

The main pipe in a vertical denouement is installed in the attic and needs to be well-insulated. The pipes in this instance drop downward. It is advised that heating radiators be placed directly underneath one another in homes with two stories or more.

A slight slope must be provided, just like in a horizontal denouement, to prevent the coolant in the riser from stagnating. A system with small diameter pipes may be effective, but the internal section needs to be large. If the line is longer than thirty meters, a horizontal interchange should be used.

All the "pros and cons"

The following should be noted as some of the benefits of the Leningrad heating system:

• Ease of installation and restoration work in case of unforeseen breakdown
• Everyone who gets acquainted with the scheme will be able to realize it without involving a professional master
• Accessibility of equipment, materials that will be required to work
• Economic benefits not only at the installation stage, but also during the operational period

However, in addition to numerous advantages, it is necessary to name several drawbacks:

• To increase the efficiency of the system, it is necessary to create the maximum working pressure by installing the circulation pump and increasing the temperature of the coolant
• When choosing a horizontal scheme, it will be very difficult to connect the second circuit “Warm floor”
• If you use the scheme with natural circulation, each subsequent radiator of the heating network will give significantly less heat, since the coolant gradually cools down

We lay pipes with our own hands

A thorough project plan for the heating system must be created before any work is done. At this point, you ought to select between the two schemes that were previously discussed: the vertical and the horizontal. Your choices and the characteristics of the premises should serve as your guide.

Next, you must decide which kind of coolant is best for you: water or antifreeze. To prevent it from freezing in the attic during the cold season, it is preferable to use the first method—diluting with water—with a vertical denouement. The second has a horizontal denouement and can be safely poured into a highway.

We start working.

The first step is to ascertain the type of heating boiler that Leningrad’s heating system will require and the ideal location for it. Typically, a gas floor heating system is installed and kept in the basement. It is imperative to prioritize safety by ensuring that the area surrounding the floor is consistently protected and covered with leaf iron.

The chimney is the next thing you need to consider. The kind of boiler that is selected will determine its type and structural characteristics. It is imperative that he offers enough traction while preventing smoke from entering and exiting the device.

The largest diameter pipe, the main pipe, should be connected first. Experts advise selecting one of the subsequent options:

1. Metal -plastic (26 mm or more)
2. Gazinkovka (22 mm or more)
3. Steel (22 mm or more)

Polypropylene pipes are one option. They are not appropriate for systems with three or more radiators, though, due to their significantly higher heat transfer with the surroundings. Smaller pipes are used to make digging branches.

The expansion tank needs to be fixed with reliability above the heating boiler. It must be at least three meters high in relation to the heating source.

Then, every heating radiator in the house crashes in parallel as the pipework is sneaked throughout. When laying a highway, you want to make as few bends as possible. Placing batteries beneath window openings is advised.

On the boiler, the Leningrad heating system needs to be precisely closed. It is advised to set up a filter element at the end to take out different contaminants from the coolant. Additionally, it offers a node that can be used to fill or empty the system with water.

Leningradka is a simple machine, but that doesn’t mean that it can’t be modified to make it easier to use and maintain. The following benefits can be obtained by placing the taps in front of each heating device and thermal controller:

• Heating will be controlled, allowing you to set such an room temperature, while each battery will be adjusted separately
• It becomes possible to heat only living rooms and block the circulation of the coolant through radiators in non -residential premises

Features of Leningrad with a vertical strapping

After stopping the vertical circuit, you must decide how the coolant will be circulated:

Since forced circulation is independent of the properties of the pipe being used, it is more prevalent. The installed pump allows the coolant to rise.

The pipes’ diameters must be enlarged if the fluid circulation occurs naturally. Products with an internal section larger than 25 mm are advised to be used. To lower internal resistance, it makes sense to forgo using steel pipes as the manufacturing material.

It goes without saying that the Leningrad heating system will gain popularity in the years to come. It is as straightforward and efficient as it can be, and it is simple to assemble, use, and fix when something goes wrong. If you are unsure of your efforts, it is advised that you consult an expert.

One -pipe heating system of Leningrad: schemes and the principle of organization

Simple, low-cost technologies are sufficient to heat a two-story regular house or a small one. The Leningrad heating system has been efficiently used to supply heat for small residential buildings ever since the Soviet Union’s founding.

The principle of operation of the heating scheme "Leningradka"

Modern heating technology and equipment’s advent allowed Leningradka to be better managed and have more functional capabilities.

A single pipeline connects a series of heating devices (panels, converters, and radiators) in the traditional "Leningradka" setup. This system allows the coolant, which is either water or a mixture of antifreeze, to circulate freely. One source of heat is the boiler. Along the walls surrounding the housing’s perimeter, radiators are installed.

The upper pipe supply and forced circulation of a closed "Leningradka" scheme are depicted in the figure. A single pipeline links the boiler and radiator batteries. The coolant flows along it, with arrows pointing in the direction of its concentration. The pipeline that provides the heat is shown in red, and the pipe that the cooled coolant travels along is shown in blue.

Depending on where the pipeline is located, there are two types of heating systems:

One can locate the system pipeline diagonally, from above, and from below. The lower pipes are simpler to install, but the upper position of the pipes is thought to transfer heat most effectively.

In order to send the coolant into the radiator, a narrowing of the pipes must be provided during the lower connection of heating devices to the heating line.

Coolant circulation can happen naturally or under force (with the circulation pump). The system may also be of the open or closed type. The characteristics of each kind of system will be covered in the following section.

The "Leningradka" one-pipe heating system is ideal for small, one- or two-story residential buildings with up to five radiators, which is the ideal number. Careful design calculations are required when using 6-7 batteries. Even with eight radiators, the system might not be efficient enough, and the cost of installation and improvement is excessive.

The diagonal connection in a single-pipe scheme can improve the system’s heat transfer by 10% to 12%, but it does not remove the "skew" in the temperature mode between the boiler’s first and the extreme batteries.

Review of the main schemes of "Leningradka"

We will learn about the unique practical implementation features, benefits, and drawbacks of each of the Leningradka heating schemes below.

Features of horizontal schemes

Leningradka is typically installed in one-story private homes or small rooms using a horizontal scheme. When putting horizontal schemes into practice, keep in mind that all of the heating components (batteries) are installed along the walls around the perimeter of the equipped room, and they are all at the same level.

Think of the most basic traditional open-type horizontal circuit with forced circulation.

Boiler 1, pipe, 3, tank, 4, circulation pump, drain ball crane, overclocking manifold, Maevsky crane, 8, radiators, 9-diverting pipeline, 10 sewage, 11-ball crane, 12 -filter, and 14 -supply pipeline are the elements of the horizontal scheme "Leningradka." The direction in which the coolant moves is indicated by arrows.

According to the circuit, the system is made up of:

• heating boiler, which is connected to the water supply system and to sewer networks;
• expansion tank with a nozzle – due to the presence of this tank, the system is called open. A pipe is connected to it, from which excess water emerges when filling the circuit, and air that can appear when boiling a liquid in the boiler;
• circulation pump, which is built on a reverse pipeline. It provides water circulation along the contour;
• pipe supply of hot water and pipeline of the outlet of chilled coolant;
• radiators with the installed cranes of Maevsky, through which the air is descent;
• filter through which water passes before entering the boiler;
• two ball valves-when one of them is opened, the system begins to be filled with a coolant-water up to the pipe. The second is secret, with it, water drain from the system straight to the sewer.

Though a diagonal connection is thought to be more effective for heat transfer, the batteries in the diagram are connected by a pipeline that comes from the bottom.

The diagonal connection principle is demonstrated by this scheme. The coolant exits the device at the bottom from the back, above the pipeline that is connected to the upper portion of the radiator.

The aforementioned plan has a number of serious drawbacks. For instance, you would have to completely turn off the heating system and drain the water if you needed to repair or replace the radiator. This is very unfavorable during the heating season. Furthermore, the plan does not offer the option to control battery heat transfer or to raise or lower the room temperature. These issues are resolved by the revised plan listed below.

The scheme differs from the previous one primarily in that bypasses with needle valves were introduced into the lower pipe (excreted in green) and ball valves were installed on pipelines on both sides (highlighted in blue).

To be able to cut off the water supply to the radiator, ball cranes are inserted and placed on both sides of the batteries. Ball valves can be blocked in order to remove the battery for repair or replacement without allowing water to escape the system. Because of the bypasses, it is possible to remove the batteries without turning off the system because the water will still flow through the lower pipe as it follows the contour.

You can also change the value of the heat carrier duct with bypasses. The radiator receives and produces the most heat when the needle valve is fully closed. A portion of the coolant will flow through the bypass and a portion through the ball crane if the needle valve is opened. The amount of coolant that enters the radiator will drop in this scenario.

Thus, you can regulate the temperature in a specific room by changing the needle valve’s level.

Imagine a forced circulation horizontal closed heating system.

The presence of a closed expansion tank and a pump that encourages coolant movement set the closed circuit apart. A security group comprising a pressure gauge, an air carrier, and a safety valve is part of the scheme.

A closed system has a closed expansion tank, which puts it under pressure as opposed to an open circuit. The system also includes a control and control panel. It is made up of an installed body.

• safety valve – it is selected based on the technical parameters of the boiler, namely, according to the maximum permissible pressure. If the thermostat breaks down, then excess water will come out through the valve, thereby the pressure in the system will decrease;
• air vent – removes excess air from the system. If the thermoregulation system is out of order, then when boiling the liquid in the boiler, excess air will appear, which will automatically go through the air vent;
• Manometer – a device that allows you to control and change the pressure in the system. Usually the optimal pressure is 1.5 atmospheres, but the indicator may be different – usually it depends on the parameters of the boiler.

Because certain processes are automated, the closed system is thought to be the most advanced solution.

The use of vertical schemes

Small two-story houses use the vertical schemes of the Leningradka installation. By analogy, they can be either open or closed, symbolized by contours that exhibit gravity and forced circulation. The systems we mentioned above have a circulation pump. Think about a vertical plan with a closed type natural circulation.

On the diagram, the pipeline is positioned vertically, and the expansion tank serves as the water supply’s conduit from top to bottom.

It is not easy to implement a scheme with natural circulation. In this instance, the pipeline is positioned at an angle relative to the direction of water flow in the upper portion of the wall. After entering the boiler through the expansion tank, the coolant travels through pipes and radiators under pressure. The boiler should be positioned below the radiator installation level for optimal system performance.

By putting bypasses on the pipeline with ball and needle valves, the plan might also allow for the removal of radiator batteries without having to turn off the heating system.

Comparison of the Self and pumping systems

Some people believe that installing a gravity heating system can save you money on a circulation pump.

It is difficult to accurately calculate the angles of the inclination, diameter, and length of the pipes in order to plan the coolant’s natural movement along the contour. Furthermore, the gravity system can only function consistently and effectively in tiny one-story rooms; in other homes, its operation may result in a variety of issues.

Its organization necessitates pipes with a diameter greater than when building mandatory heating contours, which is another drawback. They detract from the interior and are more costly.

The self-flower implementation for horizontal wiring is shown in the scheme. In this instance, the boiler is below the radiator level, and coolant rises via a pipe that is strictly vertically oriented, entering the expansion tank before entering the radiators through the accelerated manifold.

Since the heat source should be below the level of the radiators, the room should have a basement for the boiler. Additionally, setting up a self-sett will need an attic that is well-insulated and equipped to support an expansion tank.

The issue with gravity in a two-story house is that batteries warm up more on the second floor than the first. Installing bypasses and balancing cranes will help, but not greatly, in solving this issue. In addition, the system’s cost increases with the addition of more equipment, and its functionality might not improve.

Installing radiators with more sections is the most sensible way to address the temperature differential between the coolant exiting the boiler and reaching distant devices on the ground floor. This method of increasing the heat transfer area essentially levels the heating characteristics on various system tiers.

In brief "Leningradka" is not appropriate for attic-style homes because a pipe can be precisely arranged in a home with a fully functional roof. Also, if individuals reside in houses, the system cannot be implemented.

Features of the installation of the heating system

The modeling and implementation of the Leningrad single-pipe system are intricate. It is first necessary to perform comprehensive professional calculations in order to introduce it into the house as an efficient heating system.

Key components of the Leningradka system are:

• boiler;
• The pipeline is metal or polypropylene (but not metal -plastic);
• sections of radiators;
• expansion tank (for a closed system) or a tank with a valve (for open);
• tees.

A circulation pump might also be required (for systems where the coolant is forced to move). In order to enhance the system’s functionality, you’ll additionally require:

• ball valves (2 ball valves per one radiator);
• Bikes with needle valve.

It is important to remember that the system’s main highway may be situated above or inside the wall’s plane. It’s crucial to make sure the pipe is thermally insulated, whether it’s in the floor, wall, or ceiling. As a result, the pipes’ ability to transfer heat improves, and the final radiators’ temperature drop will be negligible.

Although installing the highway over the wall would prevent a stroke, in this instance the room’s interior would suffer

The flooring itself is installed above the pipe if the highway is installed in the floor plane. Should the pipeline be installed above the floor, this will enable future modifications to the system’s design.

The supply pipe and return circuit line, which allow for natural coolant movement, are typically installed at an angle of two to three millimeters per linear meter towards the flow of water or another coolant in the system. Installed at the same level are heating components. There is no need in schemes with artificial circulation that adhere to the slope.

Preparatory work of the premises

In the event that the pipeline is concealed within a building, the areas where the pipes will be placed are marked with strokes before the system is installed.

A shit in the wall causes microcracks to form through channels that emerge from the inside and the outside. This allows cold air from the outside to enter the pipe and causes unwanted condensation to form. Radiator heat loss and gas revenge result from this. Thus, it is crucial to insulate the pipe using any type of thermal insulation material when installing the highway in the wall, floor, or under the ceiling.

Choosing radiators and pipes

Although polypropylene pipes are easier to install, they are not appropriate for homes in northern climates. Since polypropylene melts at +95 degrees, using only metal pipes is advised, even though installing them can be challenging. This is because pipe rupture is more likely to occur at the boiler’s maximum heat transfer.

The most dependable pipeline is thought to be made of metal. It can tolerate the coolant’s high temperatures, but installation requires welding.

The number of radiators must be considered when selecting a pipe diameter. For 4-5 batteries, a highway with a 25 mm diameter and a 20 mm backpass is appropriate. A backpass of 25 mm is used with a 32 mm line for a scheme with 6–8 radiators.

In the event that the system includes a groove, a highway measuring 40 mm or more must be selected. The diameter of the pipes should increase with the number of radiators in the system; otherwise, later balancing will be challenging.

For accurate calculations, the number of radiator sections is also crucial. The coolant with the highest efficiency enters the first radiator battery. At least 20 degrees are cooled off of water by it. Consequently, at the output, a material that is +70 degrees and 50 degrees of water are combined.

Consequently, the second radiator will receive the coolant, which will be at a lower temperature. As the battery moves through each stage, the carrier temperature will gradually decrease.

You must add more radiator sections in order to make up for heat loss and ensure that each battery receives the essential heat transfer. One radiator needs to be powered at 100%, the second at 110%, the third at 120%, and so on. D.

Connection of heating elements and pipes

The bypass is constructed separately with the discharge and integrated into the current highway. To ensure that the radiator fits when the corner valves are welded to the American, the distance between the dampers is calculated with a 2 mm margin of error.

The typical range of acceptable backlash for an American woman is 1-2 mm. It will flow under the slope if you go over this distance. Turn off the radiator’s corner valves and measure the separation between the coupling centers to obtain the precise measurements.

One hole is designated for bypas, and the tees are either welded or connected to the withdrawals. The second tee is taken based on measurement; the size of the bypass landing for each teerator is taken into consideration when measuring the distance between the central axes of the chases.

Features of welding

If the pipes are made of metal, it’s crucial to prevent internal influx when welding. Coolant under pressure prefers to flow through a wider line if half of the pipe’s diameter is closed. Radiators might not get enough heat as a result.

You must immediately redo the work and weld the elements again if an influx formed during the welding process.

It’s important to plan ahead when welding the bypass and main pipe because there are instances where welding one edge will prevent you from inserting a soldering iron from the second, which is between the pipe and the tee.

Once every component is ready, the radiators are hung using combined couplings and corner valves, placed in the stroke bypass with chases, measured for excrete length, excess cut off, combined couplings removed, and weld to the chases.

The final moments of work

Air must be removed with the crane cranes prior to initiating the system from the pipeline and radiators.

After the system has been launched and all parts and connections have been verified, it is crucial to balance the system by adjusting the needle valve and leveling the temperature in each radiator.

Features of the implementation of the vertical scheme

Riser systems supply water from above in vertical schemes. The expansion tank ought to be situated higher than the radiator level, and the pipeline is typically fixed into the wall. Forcible circulation should be added to the system as well.

The advantages and disadvantages of the system

The primary benefits of "Leningradka" include its high efficiency, ease of installation, cost savings on consumables, and installation (which requires only one pipe if the open installation option is chosen). With the advent of bypasses, ball valves, and control panels, it was feasible to replace or repair radiators without shutting down the system and to modify the temperature regime in some rooms without reducing the heat in other rooms.

The system’s primary flaw is its intricate calculation and balancing requirements, which frequently result in extra expenses for things like equipment installation and maintenance.

Leningrad heating system and its varieties

A straightforward and efficient method of providing heat for a home is known by the name "Leningradka," a single-pipe heating system that has long been in use. The principal benefits are low material requirements and simple installation. Given that the focus of the former union was primarily on development speed, it is not surprising that these traits contributed to her popularity. Nonetheless, the Leningrad heating system in a private residence continues to hold its position because it is effective for the use for which it is designed.

The principle of operation and typical connection schemes

Radiators in single-pipe systems are connected one after the other. The primary goals are to lower material costs and streamline installation. Leningradka handles this "miraculously." Furthermore, regardless of the material of the pipes selected, the route’s passage is made simpler, the connection process takes less time, and any pipe confusion is removed.

The coolant temperature is much lower at the output of the entire circuit circuit than it is at the input because of the order of connections there. In technical terms, this is advantageous for multi-story building heat supply arrangements that use natural circulation systems. The effect is marginally lessened in a private residence. Unfortunately, this effect only has negative effects when forced circulation is involved. The latter are consistently colder than the first in the circuit in front of the boiler radiators. By installing bypasses and shut-off and regulatory valves, a similar skew can be corrected.

In terms of structure, Leningrad’s heating system is:

Horizontal wiring is the traditional Leningradka configuration for a private residence and other one- or two-story structures. Three options for connecting radiators and distributing pipes are depicted in the figure.

The basic concept is that the main pipe is initially installed with the boiler closed and encircling the entire building. Two pipes are used to connect radiators in parallel to the common pipe. Furthermore, the diagonal as well as the lower connection. It is anticipated that heat transfer will increase in the second scenario.

Upon examining a segment of a shared pipe that terminates at radiators as bypasses, it becomes apparent that they are connected in a sequential manner. In the rare event that the circuit contains more than four radiators, the bypass-free connection option is not sensible.

Two issues are resolved by the common pipe, which forms a straightforward contour along the building’s exterior walls:

• Simplicity and installation speed.
• A significant decrease in the problem of heat distribution during sequential connection of radiators.

Coolant enters the extreme radiator in front of the boiler on a common pipe while retaining the majority of its thermal energy.

Leningradka’s vertical orientation allows the radiators to be arranged sequentially on each riser independently, forming parallel heating contours on the risers themselves. The significance of using this connection becomes clear when considering the common, Soviet-era goal of getting the house up and running as quickly as possible. One brigade moved the pipes along the floors, while the other brigade moved the radiators into the spaces. The subtleties of these brigades’ work did not require coordination or process fusion.

When selecting a Leningradka for a private low-rise building, it is preferable to go with a horizontal version that divides the contours into two or three sections and has forced coolant circulation. For even heating, it’s critical to divide each circuit’s resistance and load appropriately.

In homes with two stories or more, vertical wiring is appropriate for a system with natural circulation.

Radiators in Leningrad distribute heat unevenly, which is the main issue. Since the coolant cools before it reaches the last heat exchanger in the circuit, they are actually connected sequentially. There are two ways to solve this:

• selection of pipes diameter;
• installing control and shut -off valves for each radiator.

By deciphering the pipe diameters of the Leningrad heating system, we reveal an important aspect of home heating efficiency. A key factor in guaranteeing efficient heat distribution in homes is pipe diameter. It is even more important to optimize pipe diameters in Leningrad, where winters can be severe. Appropriately sized pipes guarantee sufficient heat distribution throughout the house, averting cold spots and enhancing comfort levels. Through an examination of the Leningrad heating system’s pipe diameter details, homeowners can make well-informed decisions regarding insulation and heating upgrades, which will ultimately improve energy efficiency and lower heating costs.

Pipe diameter

The total circuit closed on the boiler is made of a larger diameter pipe – one inch or more. Disfects for connecting radiators – ¾ inch. The distribution of heat occurs due to the difference in pressure in the common pipe and radiator, as well as convection, because in the radiator the coolant cools much faster.

Between the radiator and the bypass, there is a split in the water stream. The amount of resistance to the radiator and bypass determines how much hot coolant will fall into the heat exchanger or wrap it around the jumper. Merely choosing the pipe diameters solves the task set. The bypass is laid using the same smaller diameter as the radiator pipe if the main highway is operated with a large diameter and, consequently, throughput.

A straightforward and affordable version that considerably compares the temperature over the whole contour, albeit requiring a little more time for installation and the quantity of adapters.

More contours of the shorter length are created if it is not possible to lay the pipe throughout the building using a single contour for any reason. Additionally, the coolant distribution between the contours must be balanced; otherwise, the larger circuit outline may be bypassed by all of the hot water due to its higher resistance.

Choosing the pipe diameter to solve this issue will not be successful. A needle valve that is mounted on the smaller contour’s return must be used.

Locking and regulatory reinforcement

Ball and needle valves will aid in fine-tuning each radiator’s capacity to control heat transfer. Ball valves are connected at the radiator’s input and output. They only have two options: closed and open. In the event that a room does not require heating, this will remove the radiator from the contour and enable the heat exchanger to be disassembled without causing the house to lose heat.

On the bypass, there is a needle valve that can be used to smoothly adjust the resistance to the fluid current. You can increase the heat transfer on the radiator by adjusting the valve to direct more or less hot coolant through it.

Scheme with forced circulation (with a pump)

The pump’s action causes the coolant to flow along the contour. This method also makes system setup and installation easier. It is not necessary to strictly check the system’s resistance and throughput, nor is it necessary to adhere to the pipes’ precise angles of inclination when they are being laid. One important detail is included, though: heating envy due to the availability of electricity. Furthermore, without considering the kind of boiler or the pipe distribution system, there cannot be any heating if there is no electricity.

By choosing the right shut-off and needle valves, as well as the diameter of the trunk, bypass, and radiator connection, the pump diagram can be optimized.

Plan utilizing a pump

On the return, right in front of the boiler, where the coolant temperature is at its lowest, the pump is turned on. Every branch that follows the contours must inevitably lead to the pump, which also receives tap water input for system filling, draining, and expansion tank filling. The system’s ideal pressure is 1.5 atm.

One -pipe system with natural circulation (without a pump)

The more natural circulation there is in the system, the bigger the temperature differential between the upper and lower parts. Therefore, by distributing pipes from the boiler under the ceiling or in the attic, as well as the return, more recoil and heat transfer speeds can be achieved. Leningrad, however, lacks a pump and is constructed in a horizontal manner.

The boiler is entirely situated below the level of radiator connections, and the pipes making up the entire circuit are arranged around the building’s perimeter at a required, constant slope. Above the main pipe are the heat exchangers themselves connected. You need at least a two to three degree slope. To improve circulation, the first section between the boiler and the radiator is laid with a two- to three-degree rise.

As the water in the boiler heats up and tries to rise due to gravity, he pushes himself into the road. The heat of the water is lost from the beginning. As hot water reaches the radiator, cold water is replaced and the last one is forced downward. Until the cooled coolant enters the boiler and reaches the proper temperature, this process is repeated on each heat exchanger.

On top of the outer point for air discharge, an open-type extensor tank is installed as high as feasible, with the connection on the return placed before the pump or in front of the first radiator.

In front of the pump is a membrane expansion tank for a closed type system. The amount of coolant and the pressure inside the tank’s air chamber control the system’s pressure. The entire contour’s state is set up and controlled by the system, which comes with a heel-flowing fitting that connects to an air vent, a protective explosive valve, and a pressure gauge.

Selecting the appropriate pipe diameters for the Leningrad heating system is essential to guarantee effective home insulation and heating. Appropriately sized pipes contribute to the maintenance of the best possible heat distribution throughout the home, saving energy and guaranteeing occupant comfort.

The size of the home, the amount of heating needed, and the configuration of the heating system must all be taken into account when choosing pipe diameters. Greater pipe diameters may be needed in larger or multi-story homes to guarantee proper heat distribution throughout.

However, smaller pipe diameters may be sufficient for smaller homes or those with simpler heating layouts, minimizing heat loss and cutting costs. To maximize effectiveness and reduce energy consumption, the proper balance between pipe size and heating requirements must be struck.

In order to stop heat loss during transit, the pipes must also be properly insulated. By keeping heat inside the pipes, insulating materials make sure that the heat produced by the heating system gets to where it’s going without escaping.

To guarantee ongoing efficiency and avoid potential problems like leaks or blockages, routine maintenance and inspection of the heating system, including the pipes, are also crucial. Homeowners can reduce energy expenses and increase the lifespan of their heating system by being watchful and quickly resolving any issues.

In conclusion, choosing the right pipe diameters for the Leningrad heating system is an important choice that affects a home’s comfort and energy efficiency. Homeowners can make well-informed decisions that maximize heating performance and reduce energy consumption by taking into account variables like house size, insulation requirements, and heating requirements.

Video on the topic

Leningrad.The section of heating pipes