Hydraulic separator with their own hands drawings

To keep your home comfortable and cut down on energy expenses, make sure your insulation and heating system are operating efficiently. A well-engineered heating system must include a hydraulic separator as a crucial part. Despite its technical name, a hydraulic separator is essential to maximizing the efficiency of your heating system.

Put simply, a hydraulic separator contributes to the seamless and effective operation of your heating system. It enables various system components, including pumps, radiators, and boilers, to function harmoniously with one another without interfering with one another’s performance. Pump cavitation and uneven heat distribution are avoided by using a hydraulic separator to separate the water flow in the system.

Although hydraulic separators can be bought commercially, building one yourself can be a satisfying and economical choice. With the correct advice and a few basic do-it-yourself skills, you can build a hydraulic separator that meets the needs of your particular heating system. Additionally, creating your own separator gives you flexibility and customization options, guaranteeing a seamless integration with your current setup.

We’ll walk you through the process of creating a hydraulic separator from scratch in this article. You will receive comprehensive instructions and illustrations to help you comprehend every stage of the building process. Making your own hydraulic separator is doable, regardless of your level of experience with do-it-yourself projects.

Description of the principle of operation, purpose and calculation of hydrostrelka

Boiler connections to heating systems have historically presented challenges. The main drawbacks of traditional schemes of such designs were the possibility of hydraulic unbalance, the challenge of controlling the operating parameters, and the possibility of hydrostroke causing damage to the boiler.

But, hydrostrelka has proven to be a highly effective solution in today’s world to effectively tackle these issues.

During hydraulic operations, this component acts as a connecting link between two heat transfer circuits, enabling them to become independent of one another. In other words, in terms of hydraulic processes, the dynamics of the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer circuit is independent of the dynamics of the heat transfer fluid in the boiler circuit. And the other way around.

The hydrostrelka is a very popular and straightforward heating system protection and balancing device. There are various names for it, including hydrodivider, thermohydraulic divider, anuloid, and bottle (a term taken from the professional installers’ dictionary).

The design of a hydro jet

A hydrodistributor, also known as an anuloid, is a pipe that has four spigots welded into its body. In Figure 1, the overall view is displayed.

More connections may exist, but given how complex these systems are to calculate thermodynamically and hydraulically, it is not appropriate to include them in the scope of this article.

Figures 2 and 3 depict possible variations of the basic hydraulic splitter forms.

The only way that round anuloids and rectangular ones differ is in appearance. While the round hydraulic shooter appears more appealing, the rectangular variant offers a better hydraulic solution. However, these devices’ operating parameters are generally independent of their form.

Furthermore, hydraulic dividers have the option to be fitted with:

• filters;
• air separators with automatic air vents;
• drain cock (e.g., Maevsky cock, Fig.4);
• additional thermal insulation;
• sludge collector;
• three-way valves with a thermoregulating element to prevent cold water from entering the return branch of the boiler circuit;
• thermometer;
• pressure gauge.

Normal schematic diagram for switches Figure 5 depicts a hydrosplitter with spigot displacement in the heating scheme.

Boiler circuit Q1;

Q2: the heating circuit (isolators that heat);

H1 and H2 are the circuit circulation pumps.

A typical hydraulic splitter installation scheme is shown in Fig. 5.

Capacitive hydraulic dividers can occasionally be encountered in the shape of a barrel. Fig. 6 depicts the design of such a device.

Figure 6 shows a barrel-shaped hydrosplitter used in the heating system as a heat accumulator.

In this configuration, the hydrostrelka functions as a heat accumulator in addition to a hydraulic circuit separator. through mitigating variations in the second circuit’s temperature.

The hydrostrel scheme in the heating system with the spigot heights shifted is shown in Fig. 7.

Hydroseparator with offset spigots, Rhys.7.

Here is the boiler’s supply pipe, T1.

T3: The pipeline for feeding the heating isolator.

The return outlets of the corresponding circuits are pipes T2 and T4.

It is possible to create conditions where the heat transfer medium from the boiler can slow down and release more air bubbles by surpassing the branch pipe T1 pipeline in relation to T2.

To guarantee optimal sludge separation and to keep sludge out of the T2 pipe, the T2 pipe branch is situated above the T4 pipe branch.

Principle of operation

Pump H1 is responsible for producing the flow rate Q1 in the boiler circuit, as illustrated by the diagrams in Figures 5 and 6. Flow rate Q2 in the decoupling circuit is produced by pump H2.

Figure 8 shows the hydrostrel’s operating modes in the heating system. The heating medium’s hot and cold flows are indicated by the red and blue arrows.

Thus, when the entire heating system is turned on, the H2 pumps are not operating and the heating water is not yet heated to the desired temperature. Thus, the boiler circuit is the only area where water is moving. After entering the hydronic branch, the water descends and then uses the return branch to travel through the first circuit. The left portion of Fig. 8 displays the scheme.

The second circuit will start the water flow extraction process when the predetermined water heating level is reached. At this point, the hydrostrel’s only functions are as an air separator and a water-based fuel oil and dirt trap. The typical steady state mode is used to conduct the heating process. One flow is created by combining the two circuits. Given that the requirements Q1=Q2 are nearly impossible to meet in strict form, it is evident that the hydraulic splitter must be installed at the location where the heating system circuits intersect. The central portion of Fig. 8 displays the scheme.

If the temperature rises above the predetermined point without hydrostrelka, circulation pumps may malfunction and other issues could arise. However, the productivity of pumps H2 in the proposed scheme will simply decline (control automation will be triggered), and as a result, the value of flow rate Q2 will fall short of the value of flow rate Q1. We are going to watch the coolant move upward in the hydrostrelka. That being said, it is not a common occurrence. The right portion of Fig. 8 displays the scheme.

If more than two circuits are present Hydrostrelka becomes essential in the boiler’s cast iron heat exchanger and heating system because they are highly susceptible to hydrostroke. Because of how crucial this situation is, installing hydrodividers in private homes’ heating systems is frequently required in order to maintain the manufacturer’s warranty on the equipment and installation services.

In homes larger than 200 square meters that have multiple heating circuits (warm floors, bathrooms, and kitchens), hydrostrelka not only prolongs the life of boilers and pumps but also ensures a cost-effective and seamless operation of the entire system.

Making a hydrostrelka with your own hands

Many times, consumers attempt to make their own hydraulic dividers after deciding not to spend as much money on pre-made ones. Well, this possibility might be realized if someone has skilled specialists who are willing to give a discount for their work, or if they are capable of performing turning and welding operations qualitatively. Ad specialists’ (mainly welders’) services are highly priced. Furthermore, a hired specialist’s qualifications are frequently insufficient. Welding errors and component and assembly spoilage result in higher material costs and more nerve-wracking.

Accurate calculations are also necessary for a hydraulic boom that is both optimally dimensioned and operable.

In summary, it is simpler and more dependable to entrust hydraulic boom selection and calculation to experts if you have a complex heating system. They ought to create a drawing of the heating system as well. Purchasing a ready-made hydrostrelka with features like a sludge trap, heat insulation, and an anticorrosion coating is preferable.

Here is a quick version of the hydraulic shooter’s simplified calculation for those who still want to work independently.

Steel for hydrostrels self-manufacturing material. However, there is a problem with these pipes’ ability to resist corrosion, and rust will endanger the home heating system. It’s hard to find plastic pipes with a large diameter. Consequently, in certain situations, a grid composed of metal-plastic pipe d 32 mm and tees may serve as the hydrostrelka. Polypropylene can be manufactured in networks where the temperature does not go above 70 degrees Celsius. image in Figure 9.

Figure 9 shows the hydrostrelka for a grid-shaped heating system. The flow direction of the heat transfer medium is indicated by the arrows.

Fig. 10 illustrates potential spigot arrangement schemes.

Rhys.10. Spigot arrangement schemes. The heat transfer medium’s flow direction is indicated by the arrows.

You can only compute the hydrostrictor’s dimensions when doing the computation on your own. There are two methods for this: the branch pipe alternating method and the three diameters method. Fig. 11 displays the calculation schemes for both approaches.

Fig. 11. Techniques for estimating the hydrodistributor’s size.

By using the corresponding formula to find the hydraulic splitter’s (or supply pipe’s) diameter, the remaining dimensions can be ascertained.

Thus, the formula for calculation Depending on the system’s heat transfer medium’s maximum flow rate:

• D, mm-diameter of the hydraulic jet;
• G, cube. м./hour,-maximum flow through the splitter;
• W, m/sec – maximum velocity of the coolant flow (recommended value 0.2),

Applying a temperature differential of 10 degrees Celsius between the supply and return pipes is advised.

The following is the formula to calculate the maximum boiler output (a 10 degree Celsius temperature difference between the supply and return pipes):

• D, mm-diameter of the hydrostrel;
• P, kW,-maximum boiler output;
• ∆T, deg. C,-temperature difference between supply and return branches.

Water flow rate Low hydraulic resistance in the hydrostrip—between 0.1 and 0.2 m/sec—is necessary to:

• allow the debris in the water to settle downwards;
• create conditions for natural convection of the heat carrier in the hydrostrelka
• reduce hydraulic resistance in the hydraulic splitter
• to form optimal conditions for air bubbles separation from water and their removal through the autovacuum of the hydraulic separator.

As long as the hydrostrelka doesn’t obstruct the sludge’s deposition into the sump, it can be placed anywhere in space.

A minimum of 20 centimeters should be maintained as the distance between the contour’s supply and return branches. Generally speaking, any branch pipe spacing shouldn’t be less than four times the diameter of the pipe (L > 4d). It’s crucial to keep in mind when crafting a hydrostrelka by hand.

Ready-made hydrodividers

There are a lot of industrially manufactured hydraulic splitters on sale. They are selected by catalogs based on the power and maximum water flow rate of their boiler equipment.

These products feature insulation, corrosion protection, and construction that complies with contemporary design standards. They typically have extra devices like an automatic degasser, a sludge separator, and other things. Fig. 12 shows examples of industrial hydrostrels for heating systems that are marketed for sale. The products cost $200 dollars or more.

• Author: Leonid Grigorievich Chernukhin

Hydrostrelka with a collector: the scheme of manufacture, drawing, features of use and reviews

February 27, 2016

A great deal of contemporary inquiry concerns the proper way to use a collector with hydrostrelka (manufacturing scheme below). Simultaneously, a growing number of experts are beginning to realize that the installation of specialized hydraulic separators for boiler connections can greatly boost the installed heating system’s efficiency.

Problems of old technologies

Many know that boilers without connected pumps are often directly connected to the manifold, and it is instead of such a variant is most often used such a hydrostrelka with a manifold (scheme of manufacture below). From boilers with pumps, these devices were simply removed, and then installed on each separate heating circuit, but in fact, this option can not be used in all situations, because if at the moment the boiler is still under warranty, in this case, it will not be possible to remove the pumps from it, and if it is a cast iron boiler, in the case of such a dismantling of its components in the first heating switch-on can burst even separate sections of the boiler, not withstanding such a temperature difference.

What gives this technology

Today, a specialized hydrostrelka with a collector is used to get rid of all of this (the manufacturing scheme is presented in the article). More specifically, this device isolates the boiler from the rest of the heating system by separating the hydraulics. For instance, a hydrostrelka with a collector (shown in the manufacturing scheme) can supply a single pump for the boiler, but the system also installs multiple additional units of varying capacities.

How it works

Such equipment has a very basic mechanism. We will not be disassembling any high-tech gadgets at this time; instead, we will only be looking at the primary avenues for implementing such technology.

In theory, using a regular piece of pipe to create a hydrostrel (hydrodivider) is sufficient. You can determine the essential features of such a device and the ideal materials to use in its construction by calculating the hydrostrelka.

In the world of heating and insulating our homes, understanding the role of a hydraulic separator is crucial. This device may sound complex, but it plays a simple yet essential role in maintaining efficient heating systems. Essentially, a hydraulic separator acts as a traffic cop for your heating system, ensuring that hot water flows smoothly to where it"s needed without interference or pressure imbalances. While you can buy one, creating a hydraulic separator yourself is not only possible but can also be a rewarding DIY project. With the right guidance and clear drawings, you can craft a hydraulic separator tailored to your heating system"s needs, improving its efficiency and longevity while saving money in the process.

What is its purpose

Initially, designers attempt to work from the knowledge that the arrow is specifically meant for the separation of hydraulics. Nowadays, most manufacturers attempt to create boilers with built-in pumps, and these are pretty strong units.

Boilers featuring a closed combustion chamber, for instance, can have integrated pumps installed within. These devices have a maximum power of 300 watts, but if you need to supply the object for 1000 m 2, that power will actually not be sufficient to push through the heating system. and this is the typical heating region that such equipment is roughly intended for.

Additional pumps must be installed in this connection, and combined systems must be utilized. The pump that was originally used in the boiler will simply interfere in this situation rather than helping, and hydrostrelka (purpose, calculation, manufacture – about this further in the article) can be used in such cases. In this instance, it is important to remember that most high-power equipment of this type comes with a factory hydrostrelka in a set when it is first purchased, or at the very least, there are reasonably precise instructions on how to connect it.

The smaller boilers are essentially the same story, but you will have to make your own in this instance.

Where it is installed

Installing a hydrostrelka on floor-standing boilers without an integrated pump guarantees that the boiler is adequately protected against significant temperature fluctuations when the heating system is first turned on. For instance, cast iron devices can be shielded from the potential for individual section failure, and standard steel boilers can be protected from condensation with the aid of this equipment.

Such unpleasant circumstances are avoided by using a specialized hydrostrelka. In this instance, the boiler room’s layout and drawing are crucial because the type of equipment to be used depends on the characteristics of the heated object. The only thing to keep in mind is that different floor boilers require the use of an additional pump.

Initially, a person in his home wants to get an almost perfect heating system, spending reasonable money on it, and in this case it all starts with the boiler. For a small private house, you can choose a standard two-circuit boiler with a closed chamber, which will be mounted on the wall. At the same time, it should be properly understood that in the majority of cases to ensure the normal distribution of the coolant in this system may require the individual manufacture of the heating manifold hydrostrelka. In such a situation, a quite standard question arises: whether their pumps will be used and what should be done with the device in the boiler?

It is understandable that many people in these circumstances would rather just take the pump out of the boiler to avoid damaging the system’s installed hydraulics, but some devices are designed in such a way that this is rarely feasible. The connection between the boiler hydrostrelka and the collector is the best course of action in these circumstances.

How in such a situation the installation is carried out

First, a distribution manifold diagram is created. Take into account the following scenario, for instance:

• Two circuits of underfloor heating.
• The system will use an indirect boiler circuit, two spare circuits for a heat pump or a separate electric boiler, as well as the circuit of the hydrostrelka, i.e. 5 circuits.

Drawing a collector scheme in this situation doesn’t need to be difficult; all that is required is a basic understanding of how such a system operates.

Manufacturing and calculation

It is important to note that you have the ability to control the power of your hydraulic arrow on your own. In order to calculate the power, you must start with the specifics of your room and the devices that are being used.

It is possible to make an arrow that is longer while also decreasing the thread diameter if you do not require the power of the device you purchased. Some circumstances call for reducing the purchased equipment’s total power by up to two times. For instance, not every home requires devices with a capacity of 80 kW, so in these circumstances, it is best to stick with equipment that has a capacity of 40 kW or more.

How to position it

Some people who use the handcrafted hydrostrelka scheme prefer to install it right next to the boiler, but many experts advise installing it on the collector as well. This way, you can end up with a well-rounded, harmonious design that will be simple to use, inspect, and maintain down the road.

If the home has underfloor heating, the boiler’s supply and return lines can be installed through the floor, and the boiler can be installed about three meters in front of the arrow installation. If not, there are no significant differences in the location of your arrow; in this instance, the most important thing is to install the equipment with a sufficient capacity and in a vertical position. It is advised to weld to the upper portion of the device’s inch thread in order to mount a special safety group if you create a hydrostrelka for the heating system (scheme/calculation above) in which the boiler is installed without a safety valve.

It is also advised to weld a small thread in the lower section to guarantee proper drainage and arrow filling. In order to install thermometers, it is practical to cut specialized couplings into the system "boiler, hydrostrelka, and collector." It can simplify your life in the process of continued operation by making it simple for you to keep an eye on the heating system’s condition.

How to make it

In this instance, welding a complete hydrostrelka on your own shouldn’t be too difficult if you have a standard welding machine and some experience using such gear. However, you must fully comprehend that there are a lot of subtleties that you must consider when carrying out this work.

Finding a drawing of the hydrostrelka is not difficult in this day and age, but it should be understood that there is no standard for these drawings and that each one is unique. Although every expert has a unique perspective on the hydrostrek’s structure, there are some guidelines that are followed by all.

The spigots on the arrow are welded to a specific metal container, which serves as a conduit for the boiler’s supply and return flows. Additionally, the system has built-in consumer spigots.

Spigots intended for an automated air vent in the upper section of the installed shooter are an optional addition. A faucet spigot is installed in the lower section to guarantee the removal of various dirt and sludge. A spigot can be installed somewhere to supply water to the system, among other things.

First rule

The "three-diameter rule," which states that the diameter of the hydraulic shooter you install must be three times larger than the diameter of the branch pipes, is the most crucial rule that must always be followed. In order for the hydraulic splitter to completely execute its primary duties, which are as follows:

• to separate sludge from the system;
• vent gases;
• equalize the hydraulic difference;
• supply heated water to the boiler in order to ensure its greater longevity.

Many people would rather save money by making their own hydraulic arrows from polypropylene, but this is a grave mistake that is primarily made by those who are unaware of the intricacies involved in the operation of such machinery.

Because of this, it makes sense to only use complete metal pipes, which enable the technology to reach its full potential and will be incredibly effective for the duration of the system.

Steel hydrostrels and manifolds have one advantage over polypropylene (PP) and that is their variety, as steel can be welded into any shape. I haven’t renovated or fixed anything in ten years, and I offer my clients a lifetime warranty on all connections—including the hydrostrelka. Take only stainless steel if you take steel. And of "black" powder-painted steel, which is only attractive from the outside. Rust, thin-walled spigots with rethreaded threads, and consequently two to three years of operation are the drawbacks. Apply glue between 90 and 110 mm. PP, then let it sit for a while. People who want to sell more of their goods talk about metal.

A straightforward tool called a hydrostressor is used to safeguard and balance the heating system. Other names for components used in heating systems include hydraulic splitters, bottles, and separators of heating systems. Professional installers typically use these names.

Principle of operation and purpose of the hydrostrelka

1. The hydrostrelka is necessary for hydrodynamic balancing of the heating system and serves as a supplementary unit. It makes it possible to save the heat exchangers of boilers made of cast iron from possible thermal shocks. This can happen during the initial start-up of the boiler, technical checks or maintenance work, which is accompanied by the mandatory disconnection of the heating and hot water circulation pump. Also, the use of hydrostrelka, will protect the integrity of your heating system in the automatic shutdown of circuits DHW, heating floor, etc. When installing a heating system in your home to comply with the manufacturer"s warranty on the equipment, the installation of hydrostrelka, is a prerequisite. These requirements are mandatory for boilers with a heat exchanger made of cast iron. Since, at occurrence of a big temperature difference between water at the outlet and inlet, it is possible to destroy cast iron because of its natural brittleness.
2. In order to equalize the pressure in case of unequal flow rates in the main boiler circuit and summarized heat consumption by the secondary circuits. The hydrosplitter will be useful in case of multi-circuit heating systems (heating batteries, water heater, hot deck and others). Observing hydrodynamic norms, our device makes it possible to 100% eliminate the impact on each other circuits and guarantee their uninterrupted operation in the specified modes.
3. With the correct calculation of dimensions and hydromechanical parameters, the hydrostrelka will perform the function of a sump and remove mechanical formations such as rust, sludge, scale from the coolant. This will significantly extend the operating time of all moving and rubbing elements of the heating system, such as pumps, valves, meters and sensors.
4. The hydrosplitter performs an important role of removing from the coolant, the air in it. This will significantly reduce the amount of oxidized metal parts of the heating system.

What hydraulic processes take place in the hydrostrelka?

Understanding what happens to the water as it passes through the hydrostrelka’s cavity is essential to comprehending the rationale behind adding a hydraulic splitter to a home heating system. Understanding the fundamentals of properly designed, operational two or more circuit autonomous heating systems with the use of a hydraulic splitter is imperative for these reasons.

1. After performing installation work, welding all butt joints in the pipes, the heating system is filled with cool water, usually within 5 – 15 degrees Celsius.
2. When the boiler is switched on, the automation switches on the circulation pump of the main circuit and the burner is ignited, as the coolant has not yet reached the temperature set by the program, the pumps of the secondary circuits are not switched on and the coolant moves only through the primary circuit. Thus, the entire flow will be directed down the hydrostrel, as shown in the diagram (Situation #1).
3. Immediately after the coolant reaches the set temperature level, the equal withdrawal by the secondary circuit of the water flow begins. In the exceptional order of equal water flows, main and secondary circuit, the hydrostrelka functions only as an air diverter and dirt and oil catcher, i.e. as already mentioned above in points 3 and 4. Thus, the standard heating process and heating of hot water for the needs of your home takes place (in the diagram it is Situation No. 2). It is obligatory to pay attention that it is practically impossible to achieve in practical application absolute equality of water flows Q1=Q2 in all circuits of the heating system. That is why it is mandatory to install a hydrostrelka in the heating system of the house.
4. Then the automation will regulate the flow in the secondary circuit, for example, when the water in the DHW reaches the set temperature the hot water supply pump will turn off; in conditions, if the thermal heads of radiators cover the flow due to overheating of the room on the sunny side, thereby increasing the hydro resistance in this heating circuit, the automation of the adaptive pump is triggered, reducing their performance and reducing the flow of Q2. Through this the flow Q1-Q2 starts to move upwards along the hydrostrelka (on the diagram Situation No. 3). If the heating system does not have a hydrostrelka, due to a significant hydraulic distortion would fail at least circulation pumps.
5. When the boiler automation stops the pump of the main heating circuit, the flow of coolant in the hydrostrelka tends upwards (on the diagram it is Situation №3). But this situation is very rare.

In brief, to sum up. Based on the information provided above, we can conclude that if your boiler has a cast iron heat exchanger and you have two or more heating circuits, installing hydrostrelka in your heating system is essential.

Calculation of hydrostrelka

When building a hydraulic splitter by hand, you must be aware of its eventual dimensions. Two methods are used for this purpose to perform a basic calculation of the hydraulic shooter: the method of three diameters and the method of alternating branch pipes (refer to the following table). plan).

Finding a single parameter—the separator’s diameter, or the inlet pipe’s diameter—is the main goal of the computation. This value is the foundation for all other dimensions.

The hydraulic splitter should be chosen by taking into account the system’s maximum water flow rate (cu. m/hour) as well as making sure that the separator and supply connections have the lowest possible water velocity. It is assumed that the hydraulic splitter can handle water flows up to a maximum speed of 0.2 meters per second.

There are two methods for calculating the hydraulic divider’s diameter:

Based on the heating system’s coolant’s maximum flow.

D is the hydraulic divider’s diameter in millimeters; G is the splitter’s maximum flow rate in cubic feet per minute; and w is the coolant’s maximum velocity, of which 0.2 meters per second is advised.

Based on the boiler equipment’s maximum capacity at a 10 °C temperature differential between the supply and return.

The variables D and P represent the diameter and maximum power of the hydraulic separator in mm, kW, and °Ρ, respectively, of the heating boiler(s) and the temperature difference (∆T).

Let’s examine a calculation example. Assuming that the system is intended for radiator heating with mode 75/65 and a boiler with a maximum capacity of 40 kW, meaning that ∆T = 10 °C, the hydraulic arrow’s diameter will be as follows: D is 78 mm.

Hydraulic separator advantages	Step-by-step guide to building a hydraulic separator
Materials needed	Assembly instructions
Tools required	Illustrated diagrams

Enhancing the effectiveness of your house’s heating system is crucial for both financial savings and comfort. An essential element that can significantly improve its efficiency is a hydraulic separator. Even though it might seem like a complicated piece of machinery, building one yourself is surprisingly doable with the correct advice and simple supplies.

You can build a hydraulic separator that meets your needs and budget by adhering to the comprehensive drawings and instructions. This do-it-yourself method not only saves money over buying a pre-made separator, but it also enables customization to guarantee your heating system operates at peak efficiency.

Although creating a hydraulic separator from scratch can seem overwhelming at first, it can be done in small steps. Even individuals with limited technical expertise can successfully complete the project with the help of clear diagrams that illustrate each stage of construction.

Building your own hydraulic separator also gives you a sense of empowerment and fulfillment. Along with increasing the heating efficiency of your house, you’re also learning useful skills and information about how your heating system works.

In conclusion, for any homeowner wishing to maximize the efficiency of their heating system, building a hydraulic separator by hand is a useful and satisfying project. You can take charge of your home’s comfort and energy efficiency while saving money if you have access to drawings and are willing to learn.

Video on the topic

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г.Kalmykia