How to improve water circulation in the heating system

An efficient heating system is crucial to maintaining the coziness and comfort of our homes. Nonetheless, poor water circulation is one of the most frequent problems that even the most effective heating systems can have over time. Improved water circulation in your heating system may be necessary if you’ve noticed cold spots in your radiators, uneven heating throughout your house, or odd noises coming from your boiler.

In order to address circulation issues, you must first understand how your heating system operates. A typical hydronic heating system releases heat into the rooms by heating water in a boiler and then pumping it through pipes to radiators or underfloor heating systems. The cycle then resumes with the water going back to the boiler to be heated again. Impaired water circulation results in uneven heat distribution, which can be uncomfortable and possibly increase energy costs.

Poor water circulation in a heating system can be caused by a number of things. One frequent offender is air that gets trapped in radiators or pipes, causing airlocks that prevent water from flowing. Furthermore, over time, sediment buildup from debris and minerals can accumulate in the pipes, narrowing them and obstructing water flow. Incorrectly sized pipes or radiators can also interfere with circulation, as can improperly adjusted pumps or malfunctioning pumps.

Thankfully, there are things you can do to increase water circulation and bring back the effectiveness of your heating system. Breathing out any trapped air in your radiators is one of the easiest fixes. This procedure entails opening the bleed valve with a radiator key and letting air out until a steady stream of water begins. Frequent bleeding will help keep your radiators operating correctly and help stop airlocks from forming.

Flushing your heating system to get rid of any accumulated sediment is another efficient method to improve water circulation. This entails emptying the system and adding fresh water again, flushing out any debris along the way. Flushing can greatly increase circulation and extend the life of your heating system, even though it can be a more involved process, particularly for larger systems.

To achieve ideal water circulation, you might need to upgrade certain parts of your heating system, like installing a more efficient pump or replacing outdated pipes and radiators. Speaking with a licensed heating engineer can assist you in figuring out the best course of action and pinpointing the precise problems affecting your system.

Principle of operation

• The coolant is moved to heating devices and back to the boiler due to a change in the thermodynamic characteristics of the liquid in the circuit. How does this happen? The water heats up in the boiler, its density decreases, passing through pipes and radiators, the density of the coolant becomes higher. Cold water under the influence of gravity is replaced by a coolant, which has a higher temperature and less density.
• The water that heats up in the boiler is easier to cold and therefore, under the influence of natural forces, it moves higher along the riser. On the way, the coolant gives heat to batteries and radiators, which are warmly given in the premises where they are located. The cooled water from the radiators is supplanted warm, and under the influence of gravity goes down where the boiler is installed. This cycle provides the operation of the boiler.

Water speed

Hot water is found in the upper heat network and cold moisture travels through the lower pipes during cyclic temperature changes. The circulation pressure, which is determined by the ratio of the boiler’s height to that of the lowest radiator, serves as the primary driving force behind the fluid’s natural (i.e., pump-free) movement within the circuit. A graphic scheme for the occurrence of circulation pressure h H is shown in the figure below. For this scheme, the value of the parameter H is constant and remains the same while the heating system is in operation.

Scheme of circulation for pressure

The heating boiler is installed at the maximum depth possible, such as in the basement, to produce the ideal pressure. The expansion tank needs to be positioned higher as a result. It is frequently kept in the home’s attic.

When installing a gravitational heating system on a private home yourself, the following variables affect the circuit’s water circulation speed:

1. The magnitude of circulation pressure. The larger it is, the higher the rate of water flow in the heating main;
2. Heating wiring pipes diameters. The small dimensions of the internal cross section of the pipe will be more resistant to the water flow than pipes with a more diameter. For a single -pipe or two -pipe gravity systems, the size of the pipes to d d d_u 32-40 mm;
3. Materials for the manufacture of pipes of the contour. In modern polypropylene pipes, the stream resistance is several times lower than in corrosion damaged and steel pipelines covered with deposits;
4. The presence of turns in the heating main network. The ideal option is a direct pipeline;
5. Abundance of reinforcement, adapters, retaining goals. Each valve reduces the pressure value.

Natural circulation occurs slowly and with great inertia. The temperature in the rooms takes several hours to fully stabilize after the boiler is turned on.

Heating radiators Ets

For gravitational systems, the main thing is the minimum resistance to the water flow. Therefore, the wider the lumen of the radiator will be, the better the coolant will flow through it. Cast iron radiators are almost ideal from this point of view – they have the smallest hydraulic resistance. Aluminum and bimetallic are good in use, but you need to look that their inner diameter is at least 3/4 ”. You can use steel tubular batteries, steel panel or any others with a small cross section and high hydraulic resistance are definitely not recommended – water will not flow through them or it will not be very weak, which, for example, with a single -pipe system can lead to a lack of circulation in general.

Natural circulation systems (To increase the scale, click on the image.)

There are nuances in the way radiators are connected. In a single-pipe system, the installation technique is very important because the best heating element performance can only be achieved by utilizing various types of connections.

Schemes for connecting radiators

The figure located below shows the connection diagrams of radiators. The first is an unregulated sequential connection. With this method, all the shortcomings of “Leningradka” will appear: different heat transfer of radiators without the possibility of compensation (regulation). The situation is a little better if you put an ordinary jumper from the pipe. With such a scheme, the possibility of regulation is also absent, but when the radiator is fanned, the system operates, since the coolant passes through the bypass (jumper). Having installed two ball valves in addition behind the jumper (there is no figure in the figure), we get the opportunity to remove/turn off the radiator without stopping the system when the stream is blocked.

Characteristics of radiator connections in single-pipe systems

The final two installation techniques are valuable because they let you modify the coolant flow via the radiator and bypass. The circuit can already be compensated with this inclusion (heat transfer is set on each heating device).

The type of connection—lateral, diagonal, or lower—is equally significant. You can enable or enhance the system’s compensation by using these connections.

Wiring schemes

There are various schemes available for water heating a one-story house with natural circulation.

Two -pipe CO

Work starts with the creation of a one-story house heating plan with natural circulation, regardless of the scheme that is chosen.

Two pipelines are to be laid around the outside of the structure according to the aforementioned plan. used when a sizable area needs to be heated. The lower one is used to refill the boiler with chilled coolant, and the upper one is used to supply hot water in Colorado. There are mounted radiators in between. The boiler is installed below the final, if at all possible. Pipes are installed with a minimum 5-degree water current slope.

Pinky installation calls for the use of a pipe with a diameter of at least 32 mm, particularly in locations where multiple radiators must be signed simultaneously. The ideal material is polymer or metal-plastic pipe. A 20 mm diameter pipe should be used to apply eyeliner directly to each radiator.

Proper selection of pipe diameters eliminates the need for balancing when dealing with such CO. Nevertheless, the throttle ought to be fitted on the eyeliners that connect to the radiators.

Due to the fact that it is the most costly option in terms of materials and labor, heating a one-story home with natural circulation using a two-pipe scheme is rarely utilized.

One -pipe with

Leningradka is the most basic system that enables you to guarantee the heating of a one-story private home built in accordance with this plan. Installation parameters (piston diameters and inclination angle) are the same as with the prior choice.

The particularity is that, in the example shown, the radiators are sliced into the primary heating ring (which runs parallel to the main pipe).

Every radiator is positioned on top of the crane’s expansion tank for air lingering, without fail. Thermogols or chokes are positioned on the radiators closest to the boiler and the radiators furthest away from it, which helps to balance the temperature in each.

Radiation CO

The following is the plan that determines how heating a one-story home with natural circulation is done when the specified option is selected.

Special collectors, or rowers, are installed on each discharge of the pipes that supply hot water and return cold water to the boiler. On each discharge, a throttle is installed. Every radiator has two pipes, one for the feed and one for the return, each operating one at a time.

When considering the options for customization, this version is the most practical. However, the installation is fairly intricate and involves a large number of pipes, which must be cleaned in the floors or false walls to maintain the premises’ acceptable design. This naturally raises the cost of labor and materials. Checking the pre-drawn blueprint of the one-story house with natural circulation is an easy way to confirm this.

Scheme of a single -pipe heating system

These schemes use a single pipe for both the selection of the cooled and the distribution of hot coolant to the radiators. The highway is a closed circuit that runs from the boiler handing pipe to the opposite if the wiring is horizontal. Both eyeliners are joined by batteries. One well-known example is the Leningrad pipe heating system, which operates with coolant circulation occurring naturally. The plan for a one-story home is displayed below:

The existence of an accelerated manifold loop is a necessary requirement for the regular flow of water inside radiators. Its upper point is connected to an open expansion tank. As per the principle of communicating vessels, the heated water from the boiler rises along the collector and ends up in every battery. Practical testing has shown that heating will function without issue if their number is less than or equal to five.

The truth is that coolant from the previous battery is mixed and sent to each subsequent heating device. Consequently, if you do not increase the number of sections, its heat transfer is reduced. No matter how many sections are added, the last radiator will be too cold if there are more than five. Installing a two-pipe gravitational system may be required; this will be covered in more detail later.

A single-pipe heating system with vertical risers and natural circulation is ideal for a two-story private home up to 200 m2. It is absurd and will not function well to fence off a horizontal Leningrad connected to a vertical collector on each floor. Drawing a highway supply on the attic or beneath the second floor ceiling and lowering the risers from it is more accurate, as the diagram illustrates:

Due to the risers’ tiny load—just two heating elements—their temperatures will be nearly identical. You can place jumpers, or bypas, between the presentation and the return so that the batteries are not dependent on one another.

Suggestions. In gravity systems, full-pass cranes and specialized thermostatic valves—reinforcement with the least resistance—are required for balancing or elimination.

Advantages and disadvantages

The primary benefits of CO, which operates on natural circulation, are its long service life and ease of installation.

But a plus cannot exist without a minus. The following are some of these COs’ primary drawbacks:

• Small working distance (radius of action). Acceptable characteristics are achieved only if the length of pipelines ≤ 30 of the linear meters.
• It is not possible to adjust the temperature in each of the premises of the house individually.
• Water circulates in with slight pressure, which leads to various temperatures in different rooms (the lower than the farther from the boiler).
• A long period of time, which is required for the release of the system for the operating mode and the complete heating of all the premises of the house.

Which scheme is better to choose

Many factors are taken into consideration when choosing wiring, including the size and number of stories of a private home, the budget allotted, the availability of additional systems, the dependability of the power supply, and more. We’ll offer several broad suggestions for the decision:

1. If you plan to collect heating yourself, it is better to dwell on a two -pipe shoulder system. She forgives newcomers many mistakes and will work, despite the firms made.
2. In case of high requirements for the interior of the rooms, take as a basis the collector type of wiring. Hide the comb in the wall cabinet, divorce the highways under the screed. In a two- or three -story mansion, it is advisable to install several combs – one on the floor.
3. Frequent interruptions in the supply of electricity do not leave a choice – you need to collect a scheme with a natural motivation for circulation.
4. The Tichelman system is appropriate in the buildings of a large area and the number of heating panels. Mount a loop in small buildings is inappropriate from a financial point of view.
5. For a small summer house or bath, a dead end version of the wiring with open gaskets of pipelines is perfect.

Suggestions. The "Leningradka," or lower wiring, can be used to set up a single-pipe horizontal system for heating a summer home with two to four small rooms.

It makes sense to use a dead end or collector version of the wiring if the cottage will be heated by water heaters, radiators, and a warm floor. It is simple to combine the two suggested schemes with additional heating apparatus.

Features of Samotek systems

Because turbulent flows form and make accurate calculations of the systems impossible, average values are taken during the design phase for this reason: for this:

Elevate the acceleration point to the maximum extent feasible.

• make use of large feed pipes;

• The quantity of radiators must be determined.

Additionally, the pipe with the smaller diameter is connected by one step equal to each subsequent discrepancy starting from the beginning, which involves inertial flows.

The installation of gravity systems has additional features as well. Thus, depending on the pipeline’s length, pipes should be installed at an angle of one to five percent. You can use horizontal wiring if the system has a significant temperature and height drop.

It is crucial to make sure that no sites have a negative angle because air traffic jams will form there and prevent the coolant from reaching those areas.

As a result, the operating principle may be membrane-based (closed) or open. Maevsky’s taps are advised to be installed on every radiator if the installation is done horizontally, as they make it simpler to remove air traffic jams from the system.

Watch this video to hear from an expert discussing the requirements for employing a gravity-based, non-cash heating system:

How to calculate the diameter of the pipes

You can dispense with exact calculations when installing a dead end and collector wiring in a country home up to 200 m². Consider the highway cross section and the following suggestions:

• To supply the coolant to the radiators in the building of 100 squares or less, the pipeline DU15 (external size 20 mm) is enough;
• eyeliner to batteries are made by the DU10 cross section (external diameter 15-16 mm);
• In a two -story house, 200 squares, a distributing riser is made by the diameter of DU20-25;
• If the number of radiators on the floor exceeds 5 pcs., Divide the system into several branches extending from the riser Ø32 mm.

Suggestions. The diameters of the roads and carts are quite precisely attached to the examples of the schemes above. The provided information can be utilized in the development of a home heating project.

The ring and gravity system is designed based on calculations made by practical engineers. If you would like to calculate the cross-section of the pipes yourself, start by figuring out how much heat each room needs. Then, use the following formula to determine the necessary coolant flow rate:

• G – the consumption of heated water in the pipe section that feeds the radiators of a particular room (or group of premises), kg/h;
• Q is the amount of heat required for heating this room, Tue;
• Δt – calculated temperature difference at the feed and in the return, take 20 ° C.

For instance. Thermal energy in the amount of 6,000 watts is required to raise the temperature of the second floor to +21 °C. Hot water must be brought from the boiler room by the heating riser that passes through the ceiling at a rate of 0.86 x 6000 /20 = 258 kg per hour.

Using the following formula, one can easily determine the cross section of the supply pipeline given the coolant’s clock consumption:

• S is the area of the desired section of the pipe, m²;
• V – hot water consumption in volume, m³/h;
• ʋ– speed of the coolant, m/s.

Citation. In pressure systems with a circulation pump, the coolant speed is measured between 0.3 and 0.7 m/s. The current is slower when there is a gear—0.1–0.3 m/s.

Reply to the previous example. We use the water speed of 0.4 m/s and forcefully provide the calculated consumption of 86 kg/h. The supply pipeline’s cross-sectional area is 0.258 /3600 x 0.4 = 0.00018 m^2. Using the circuit area formula to recalculate the diameter, we arrive at 0.02 m for pipe DU20 (external – 25 mm).

It should be noted that we set the mass consumption value in the formula and ignored the variations in water densities at different temperatures. Given the small error and the artisanal calculation, it is acceptable.

How heating works according to a double -circuit scheme

Any two-pipe system’s design calls for the supply and removal of coolant from each radiator across two different thoroughfares. To put it simply, the battery’s input pipe is connected to the feeder, and the weekend is connected to the opposite. All heating devices receive heated water from the boiler through the first pipeline, while the second highway gathers the cooled coolant and returns it to the heat generator.

An illustration of how coolant from batteries is distributed and returned along two lines

Double-circuit water distribution characteristics include:

• If all the elements of the system are calculated correctly, then each radiator receives the coolant of the same temperature;
• Changing the water duct through one battery due to adjustment does not affect the operation of neighboring heating devices;
• The number of radiators on one branch can reach 40 pcs. Provided that the performance of the pump and the diameter of the supply pipes provides the calculated water consumption.

Note: The selection of number 40 was based on actual experience with the design and installation of heating systems in production workshops. In suburban cottages, up to 10 devices are not connected to a single branch. If wiring is required through a multi-story building, the heat supply network can be divided into multiple contours with two pipes each.

There are two ways that water can move through pipes and batteries: naturally (by convection) and artificially. Additionally, there are multiple ways to supply the coolant, so we propose to analyze each plan independently.

Traditional closed-type wiring with two pipes connecting to the floor boiler

How does the diagram work with natural circulation

Commonly used as a coolant, ordinary water follows the curves from the boiler to the batteries and back because of variations in their thermodynamic characteristics. In other words, heat causes the fluid’s density to drop and its volume to rise, forcing out the cold stream that rises through the pipes. The coolant’s temperature drops as it diverges on horizontal branches and returns to the boiler. Thus, the circle is sealed.

If a private home was to have heating with natural circulation, all horizontal pipes would be installed with a slope toward the coolant’s direction of flow. This prevents the radiators from "gettingold." Because it travels up the pipes, into the expansion capacity, and finally into the air, the air is lighter than the liquid.

As the temperature rises, a liquid that has a higher volume merges into the tank, producing constant pressure.

Pros and cons of two -pipe stains

We consolidated the benefits and drawbacks of each of the aforementioned systems into a single section for ease of understanding. First, we enumerate the salient advantages:

1. The only advantage of self -flowers over other schemes is the independence of electricity. Condition: you need to choose the corresponding boiler and make a strapping without connecting to the house network.
2. Shoulder (dead end) system is a worthy alternative to Leningradka and other single -pipe wiring. The main advantages are versatility and simplicity, thanks to which a two -pipe heating scheme of a house 100-200 m² is mounted without problems with your own hands.
3. The main trump cards of the loops of the tichelman is a hydraulic balance and the ability to provide a large number of radiators with a coolant.
4. Collector wiring is the best solution for hidden pipe laying and full automation of heating operation.

Laying the pipes beneath the floor screed is the most effective way to conceal them.

It is easy to combine the last three schemes with closed circuits for water heating. Warm floors should not always be combined with a gravitational radiator network because forced circulation in heating contours is impossible without electricity.

Give a brief summary of the general benefits of a passing, radial, and dead end system:

• small sections of distributing pipes;
• Flexibility from the point of view of gaskets, that is, lines can pass along various routes – in the floors, along and inside the walls, under the ceiling;
• Various plastic or metal pipes are suitable for installation: polypropylene, stitched polyethylene, metal -plastic, copper and corrugated stainless steel;
• All wires are well lended on balancing and thermal regulation.

In order to conceal pipe eyeliners, the wall’s indentations must be cut.

One minor benefit of gravity wiring is that it is easier to fill and remove air without the need for valves or cranes, even though it is simpler to lose the system when using them. An open-type expansion tank gradually replaces the air as water is gradually supplied through the fitting at the lower point.

Now for some serious flaws:

Furthermore. Particular equipment with a larger passageway will be required in order to automatically control the heat transfer of batteries with a gear.

Installation of the circulation pump should pay attention to

Use these guidelines to install a circulation pump on your own.:

• To extend the operational period of the entire system, before the circulation pump, install the filter to clean the liquid. The filter must be installed on a suction pipe;
• Do not choose high power and performance circulation pump for the heating system than required. Otherwise, there is a risk of encountering an additional unpleasant noise in its operation;
• Never turn on the pump before filling the heating line with water and removed air from it, this can lead to the failure of the equipment;
• Install the pump in the area as close to the expansion tank;
• When installing the pump in a closed heating system, if possible, install the pump on the return. This is due to the fact that this section of the highway has the lowest temperature.

Putting in a circulation pump

Advice: Rinse the heating system with water to get rid of different foreign particles before turning it on. Remember that the circulation pump and other system components may fail even if it runs inactively for a brief period of time when there is no liquid in the system.

The majority of circulation pumps on the market today come with a connection for automatic boiler heating adjustment. With the help of this feature, owners can alter the air temperature at a heated object by varying the water’s speed within the heating system. Special counters are installed to account for the amount of heat consumption within the premises. This helps control thermal losses resulting from highway wear. There will be no modifications made to the heating scheme itself.

Watching the following video will familiarize you with how to install the circulation pump on your own:

Choosing pipes

When selecting pipes for heating, it’s crucial to consider not only the diameter but also the material they’re made of and, more specifically, how smooth their walls are, as this has a significant impact on the system.

The boiler also has a significant impact on the material selection because, in the case of solid fuel, steel, galvanized pipes, or stainless steel products should be prioritized because of the elevated temperature of the working fluid.

However, fittings that greatly reduce lumen are recommended for metal-plastic and reinforced pipes. Reinforced polypropylene pipes are the best choice, with a working temperature of 70C and a peak of 95s.

PPS special plastic products can be used in an open system because of their operating temperature of 95C and peak temperature of 110C.

Start with the diagram

Selecting a plan that dictates future workflow and operational period effectiveness is one of the first steps in installing the heating system under consideration.

The decision made has an impact on the layout of the space, the even distribution of heat, operational convenience, and most importantly, the overall amount of labor and the cost of the installation materials.

Even though there are a ton of schemes and drawings in the virtual world, including videos, it can be challenging to understand them on your own without the help of an expert. More importantly, each scheme needs to be adjusted to a different order.

general information

Basic moments

• The lack of a circulation pump and a generally movable elements and a closed circuit in which the amount of suspension and mineral salts of course makes the service life of a heating system of this type very long. When using galvanized or polymer pipes and bimetallic radiators – at least half a century.
• Natural heating circulation means a rather small pressure drop. Pipes and heating devices inevitably provide a certain resistance to the coolant to the coolant. That is why the recommended radius of the heating system of interest is estimated at about 30 meters. It is clear, this does not mean that with a radius of 32 meters, the water will freeze – the border is quite arbitrary.
• The inertia of the system will be quite large. There can be several hours between the traction or launch of the boiler and stabilizing the temperature in all heated rooms. The reasons are clear: the boiler will have to warm the heat exchanger, and only then the water will begin to circulate, and quite slowly.
• All horizontal sections of pipelines are made with a mandatory slope in the course of water movement. It will ensure the free movement of cooling water by gravity with minimal resistance. Which is no less important – in this case, all air plugs will be replaced to the top point of the heating system, where the expansion tank is mounted – airtight, with an airborne, or open.

Also read the article "General information and subtleties of installation: One-pipe heating system."

At the top, all of the air will congregate.

Self -regulation

Heating a home using a self-regulating system that relies on natural circulation. The coolant circulates more quickly in a colder home. How does it operate?

Circulation pressure is, in fact, dependent upon:

• The difference in the height between the boiler and the lower heating device. The lower the boiler relative to the lower radiator, the faster the water will shimmer into it by gravity. The principle of communicating vessels, remember? This parameter is stable and unchanged in the process of operating heating system.

The design effectively illustrates the heating principle.

In case you’re wondering, the heating boiler should ideally be installed in the basement or as low up inside as feasible. The heat exchanger in the furnace top had to be observably higher than the radiators in order for the author to see a functional heating system. Everything about the system was operational.

• The difference in water density at the output of the boiler and in the reverse pipeline. Which, of course, is determined by the temperature of the water. And precisely thanks to this feature, natural heating is made self -regulating: as soon as the temperature in the room drops, heating devices cool down.

As the coolant’s temperature drops, its density rises and it starts to replace the heated water from the contour’s lower portion more quickly.

Circulation speed

The coolant’s rate of circulation will be influenced by several factors in addition to pressure.

• Diameter of wiring pipes. The smaller the internal section of the pipe, the greater the resistance it will exert the movement of the liquid in it. That is why for wiring in the case of natural circulation, pipes with an intended diameter are taken – DU32 – DU40.
• Pipe material. Steel (especially damaged by corrosion and covered with deposits) has a stream several times greater resistance than, for example, a polypropylene pipe with the same section.
• Quantity and radius of turns. Therefore, the main wiring is best done as possible as much as possible.
• The presence, quantity and type of locking reinforcement, a variety of retaining goals and pipe diameter transitions.

Every bend, every valve lowers the pressure.

Due to the large number of variables, it is very uncommon to calculate the heating system with natural circulation accurately; instead, the results are only approximations. In actuality, following the previously provided advice suffices.

The choice of coolant

You can use antifreeze or water as a coolant. Water is better for a gravity system because antifreeze requires more thermal energy to heat (i.e., fuel consumption above) due to its higher density and decreased heat transfer. Since antifreeze expands more than coolant water, if a membrane buffer container is installed in the system, its volume should be greater than the coolant-water tank’s.

If the house experiences significant disruptions in its heating during the winter, then using the term "non-freezing" makes sense. In this instance, it would be necessary to continuously drain the water to prevent the pipes from tearing when it froze.

Improving water circulation in your heating system is crucial for maintaining a warm and comfortable home. Poor circulation can lead to uneven heating, cold spots, and higher energy bills. By ensuring proper water flow, you can optimize the performance of your heating system and enhance its efficiency. Simple steps like bleeding air from radiators, checking pump settings, and balancing the system can make a significant difference. Additionally, regular maintenance, such as cleaning or replacing filters, can help prevent blockages and keep the water flowing smoothly. Investing time and effort into improving water circulation not only ensures a cozy home but also saves you money in the long run by reducing energy consumption and prolonging the lifespan of your heating system.

The principle of operation of the system with natural circulation

• Simple installation and maintenance.
• Lack of need to install additional equipment.
• Energy dependence – during work, additional costs for electricity are not required. When you turn off the electricity, the heating system continues to work.

• Connecting to warm floors – requires installing a circulation pump, only on a water circuit laid in the floor. The rest of the system will continue to work with natural circulation. After turning off the electricity, the room will continue to heat up using installed radiators.
• Work with an indirect water heating boiler – connection to the system with natural circulation is possible, without the need to connect pumping equipment. To do this, the boiler is installed at the top of the system, just below the closed or open -type air expansion tank. If this is not possible, then the pump is installed directly on the funded container, additionally installing the check valve to avoid recirculation of the coolant.

Gravity drives the coolant’s movement in systems with gravitational circulation. The heated liquid rises up the accelerated area due to natural expansion, and then it "flows" back to the boiler through the pipes that are connected to the radiators under the slope.

Schemes of such heating systems

Regardless of how the coolant is circulated, the heating system circuit is dependent on multiple factors:

• a method for connecting radiators with giving risers. One -pipe and two -pipe systems are distinguished here;
• Places of laying a high water line supplying. You need to choose between the lower and upper wiring;
• Magistral laying schemes: a dead end system or a passing coolant in the highways;
• the location of the risers, which can be either horizontal or vertical.

One -pipe system: how to adjust the temperature?

The upper wiring option is the only one available for the one-pipe heating system. Since it lacks a reverse riser, the coolant that has been cooled in the batteries returns to the main supply. The difference in fluid temperature between the upper and lower radiators provides the movement of the liquid.

The surface area of heating devices on the ground floor should be marginally larger than that of the second and subsequent floors in order to maintain the same temperature regime in rooms situated on different levels. Water from the upper heat exchangers is mixed and then circulated into the lower radiators.

There are two possible routes for the coolant to travel in a one-pipe system: in the first, part of it travels to the radiator and in the second, it travels further along the riser to the lower devices.

Heat exchangers on the upper floors receive hot water through parallel pipe wiring, while the lowest floors receive pre-cooled water. To ensure that every room has the same amount of heat, the latter’s area needs to be increased.

In the second scenario, every heat exchanger in the water volume is used, beginning with the upper one. The primary characteristic of this wiring is that only chilled water is supplied to the basement and first floor radiators.

One-pipe wiring that is too tight will not allow you to restrict or stop the coolant flow to a different radiator. If any of them overlapped, the system as a whole would stop flowing.

Furthermore, in the first scenario, cranes can be used to control the temperature within the building; however, in the second scenario, their use is prohibited because doing so would reduce the fluid supply to all ensuing heat exchangers. Moreover, the system’s water circulation would cease when the crane fully overlapped.

It is preferable to stop on wiring when installing a single-pipe system since this allows you to modify the water supply to each radiator. As a result, you will be able to control the temperature in different rooms, which naturally increases the heating system’s flexibility and efficiency.

Installation of one-pipe wiring is limited to buildings with attics since it can only be installed in the upper levels. The supply pipeline ought to be installed there. The primary disadvantage is that heating is only available in one area of the building at a time. Of course, the system’s benefits have as well. The two primary ones are less expensive and easier to install. It is easier to hide pipes when there are fewer of them, from an aesthetics perspective.

How a two -pipe system should be arranged?

A feed and diving line are part of this version of the heating scheme. Hot coolant circulates in the system’s upper section while cooled coolant circulates in the lower.

When it comes to controlling the temperature in different rooms, the two-pipe heating system offers greater flexibility. But more materials are needed than just one pipe.

From the boiler, a pipe that is attached to the expansion tank emerges. A contour hotline pipe runs from the tank and is connected to the wiring after that. An overflow pipe may come out of the tank, depending on the size of the container and the amount of water in the system. Excess water on it merges with the sewer.

The reverse line is made up of the pipes that exit the heat exchangers’ lower sections. The cooled coolant re-enters the boiler on it. The rooms where the supply pipeline passes should also be used for the return.

Horizontal or vertical riser in wiring?

Radiators from various floors are connected by an eyeliner in a vertical riser heating system. Its benefit is that the higher cost is offset by a lower chance of "bullying" the system.

When two теплообменники with one Íтажa are connected with a mechanical device, it is a system with a reversible pump. Although homeowners will pay less for this option, it will still need to find a solution to the issue of air traffic congestion. Installing air vents is usually sufficient.

Closed type

It is successfully possible to heat a one- and two-story house using the closed coolant system. It functions as follows:

• When the coolant is expanded, the excess fluid is displaced from the heating circuit;
• The liquid enters the expansion tank of the membrane type – this is a closed container with an elastic membrane, which shares the part designed for the coolant and the tank section filled with air or nitrogen;
• The heated liquid stretches the membrane, squeezing the gas in the second section of the tank, when the coolant is cooled, the gas expands and pushes the liquid back into the system, as a result of which the water circuit constantly remains filled.

Installing a membrane tank lowers the possibility that the system’s metal components will corrode when gravity heating is used. Yet, because a membrane tank is far more expensive, such a solution is comparatively uncommon in Russia.

Pipes for systems with natural circulation

The smoothness of the walls, or rather the material from which the pipes are made, is just as important in choosing the diameter of the pipes as the system size and number of radiators. It is crucial to consider this parameter for gravitational systems. The worst of all situations occurs in regular metal pipes, where the rough inner surface becomes even more uneven after use as a result of accumulated deposits on the walls and corrosion processes. since these pipes require the biggest diameter.

This is how steel pipes might appear in a few years.

From this point of view, metal -plastic and reinforced polypropylene. But in metal -plastic ones, fittings are used that significantly make lumen, which for gravity systems can become critical. Therefore, reinforced polypropylene look more preferable. But they have restrictions on the temperature of the coolant: the operating temperature is 70 ° C, the peak – 95 ° C. The products made of special PPS plastic work temperature 95 ° C, peak – up to 110 ° C. So, depending on the boiler and the system as a whole, these pipes can be used, on the condition that these are high -quality branded products, not fake. Read more about polypropylene pipes here.

Heating systems can also be installed using polypropylene and metallocoplastic materials.

But no polypropylene can withstand such thermal loads if a solid fuel boiler is to be installed. Stainless steel welding should not be used during installation because the seams move quickly. Instead, use steel, galvanizing, or stainless steel on threaded joints.

Although copper is also appropriate (see this article about copper pipes), you must handle it carefully because it has unique properties. For example, it won’t work properly with all coolants, and it’s best to avoid using copper with aluminum radiators in a single system because they will quickly corrode.

One characteristic of naturally circulating systems is that they cannot be calculated because turbulent flows form that are not calculable. They create them using averaged, experimentally bred norms and rules, as well as experience. The following guidelines primarily apply:

• Raise the acceleration point as high as possible;
• Do not make a nourishment of feed pipes;
• put a sufficient number of radiator sections.

Then another is employed: a smaller diameter pipe is used from the location of the first branching and each subsequent lead. A 2-inch pipe, for instance, originates from the boiler, followed by a ¾, a ½, and t.D. branch. From a smaller diameter to a larger one, the discharge is collected.

The installation of gravitational systems has a number of additional features. Initially, pipes should ideally have a slope of between one and five percent, depending on the pipeline’s length. The main requirement is that there be no sections with a negative slope (inclined in the opposite direction), which would obstruct the flow of water due to the formation of air plugs. In theory, horizontal wiring is also feasible with a sufficient difference in height and temperature.

System summary: one pipe, two wings, and vertical wiring (circuit)

The second feature is that you must install an expansion tank and/or at the system’s highest point. The expansion tank can be membrane (closed) or open (the system will also be open). It is not required to divert air at the highest point—in the tank and into the atmosphere—when installing the open. Installing an automatic air vent is also necessary when installing a membrane tank. The "Maevsky" crane on each radiator won’t interfere with horizontal wiring, making it simpler to clear the branch’s air traffic jams altogether.

Ð ° ñµ è²αµices ññ¾"α – è§phics ðŒµ è§ " ÑñññµΨ police Police ° ð´ð ‰²ðµðŽñ ð¯ ð è ð³ ices. Ðð ð ñ ñµ Online ¿¿ ¿èavy ¾è , Ñ· ° ð · ð²ðð´velop ± 𶠰 ° ° ð ñ ð ñµµ ð¡ices ð²ñð¸ñññññññññ± ð ð ð ñ ° ñµµµµµ police ¼ ñµ ¿ ¿èational. ÐSHY ΰ ΰ ααⵒ ° ° ð½ ° ð³ñµ²² ° ° ° either {· ð ° ð¿ññ °ð °ð ñññµΨ" ñ½ ñةµ ¿¿ ð¾ police ñ ° mountain Ð °, ð½ñðavy ññð ° ð½²² ¸ÑÑ ÑемР¿ÐµÑÔ°ÑÑÑÑ Ð ·Ð¾ ÑекоменЊаÑиÑм Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑбÑаннзго ÑÑÐ ¿Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ пола.

оóivil ”ñðµ ñµ ññ¾¹¹ññә quite ð¸ññññññð financial · ðºitary” ðµðlish, ðºð ty. ÐеÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑнаÑена венÑилÑнÑми ÑегÑлиÑÑÑÑими вÑÑавками, дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾ÑÑдована ÑоÑамеÑÑами – ñ. е. Ñ ° ññuth . Ð ð¾ñ ° ° ðµñññññgy ° ° ñññ²²ñ²²ñ²: ñññ²²ð¾½ ð½ ° ° ° ð ¿· law enforcement ° ΰ ð° ñ ° °µ. Ð ° ααµα ° ñ¾ð² ðµñð ð¸ ð · ¿¿¿¿¿ð totia ° ¶²²ñ · ð ñ ñ ð¸, ðºð °ð¹ð police ° °ðññ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Ðion¸µµð½ñð ÑÑйÑеÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ напÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñока — Ð ¿Ð¾ÐŠÐ°Ñа жиЊкоÑÑи вÑегда должна и Ðññð "ð¿³ð ñµð ¾" ", ¾ñðºñ²² ° ñ ð ð ° ¿ð ð ½ ½ ¾ · ° ðºñ² °³²ð police.

"ñðµ ðµ ññ¿¿ ¿¿ð¿è> è² ð½ ° ¾ ð ñ ° ° ðµ: ± ° ð²ñavyhods ðºñ °α; ion ± ñ ° ñ ½ ð ð ð ° ° ð ° ð½; 3-" 4- αèñººèññ¾½ ð½ ° ñuth; 5 – ¿¿µñµ¿¿ñ½½è ð¹ ð ð ° ° ð ° ð½; Six – Military »è" ðµðºge; Seven – èº èºè:

н ±ñññµuzz ° ð¶ð´uth Ñαµðññ¿¿ð~\hod plock ñð½ ðº ðºèices ðαññððð ñ °ph ð½ ðι.

Open type

The closed option and its working principle are the same. However, in this instance, the extra coolant is replaced in an open-type tank that is either placed in the attic or beneath the room’s ceiling.

An emergency overflow, which is a pipe brought outside the attic to the street or connected to the sewer, is provided for open tanks, which have leap covers.

One of the drawbacks of the open system is that oxygen is constantly entering the coolant, hastening the metal’s corrosion, which is what the contour elements are made of. In order to prevent this, Maevsky cranes’ radiators are positioned beneath a slight incline, and automatic air vents are installed in the upper section.

Furthermore, in order for the open system to operate normally, water must be added on a regular basis because the open-type fluid evaporates. Use a bucket to manually fill the tank with water, or raise a tap pipe that has a valve.

Open-type tanks have the advantages of being inexpensive and having the capacity to be hand-made into the required size.

Radiation system with collectors

Heating system that uses radiation and a collector.

One of the most advanced plans suggests building a separate highway for every heating appliance. Installing collectors in the system—one for feeding and the other for the opposite—allows for this. Straight pipes that are distinct from collectors diverge to batteries. This plan enables you to guarantee adaptable heating system parameter adjustments. Additionally, it enables warm floors to be connected to the system.

Modern homes make active use of the wiring scheme known as the radiation scheme. Giving and reverse pipes can be installed here in any way you choose; they typically enter through the floors and then approach one or more heating appliances. The house has small distribution cabinets installed to control the temperature and turn on and off the heating appliances.

Experts in traffic say that this kind of arrangement is ideal because each heating device operates on its own highway and is essentially dependent on the other heating devices.

Advantages and disadvantages of radiation systems

There were lots of good things about it:

• the ability to completely hide all the pipes into the walls and floors;
• Convenient system tuning;
• the possibility of creating remotely separate adjustment;
• The minimum number of connections – they are grouped in distribution cabinets;
• It is convenient to repair individual elements without interrupting the work of the entire system;
• almost perfect heat distribution.

When installing a radiation heating system, collectors are housed in a special cabinet and all pipes are concealed in the floor.

One or two drawbacks exist:

• High cost of the system – the costs of equipment and costs for installation work are laid here;
• difficulty in implementing a scheme in an already built house – usually This scheme is laid even at the stage of creating a household project.

There is no escaping the second disadvantage if you are still forced to live with the first.

Features of the installation of radiation heating systems

Niches are made for the installation of heating pipes and distribution cabinet installation points are marked during the project creation stage. At a specific point in the building process, boilers and heating devices are mounted, cabinets with collectors are installed, pipes are laid, and the system is tested and made ready for use. Since this scheme is the most complex, it is best to leave all of this work to the professionals.

The radiation heating system with collectors is one of the most practical and efficient, despite all of the challenges. It is utilized in other types of buildings as well, such as offices, in addition to private homes.

Heating systems with upper water supply

Water, the coolant in this instance, is heated and supplied via the pipeline to the upper portion of the heating system. In comparison to the pipes that supply water to the radiator, the water supply pipe ought to be larger in diameter. To maximize thermal metabolism’s resistance, this is required. Installing horizontal pipes requires a minimum slope of one centimeter for each diluted meter.

Owing to the fact that water expands when heated and turns into a steam state, the expansion tank needs to be placed in the upper portion of the system to handle steam and excess heat. There should be a cover or valve on top of the tank, as well as a drain valve. Following heating, the water is fed into radiators and vertical risers via the supplier pipe.

Advice: Radiators must be connected diagonally if you plan to use a heating system with natural water circulation.

Following the room’s direct heating, water enters the boiler via a dedicated pipe called the return. Here, the water movement cycle is repeated while it is heated once more. Underneath the radiators, in the lowest part of the system, is the heating boiler. These components are typically placed in boiler rooms that have designated basements.

Creation of a suitable slope for gravity

The SNiP 41-01-2003 presents the fundamental specifications and guidelines used in the construction of heating systems.

Adhere to the guidelines for the slope of the system pipes in order to lessen the elements (circuit bends, air plugs) that oppose the normal flow of coolant through the pipes. Depending on how long the pipeline is, slopes between 1 and 5% are created during the fluid current. The air that builds up in the pipes will pass to the expansion tank, where it will find a way out, because of the proper slope.

Crucial! In the open-type gravitational heating system, taps are installed for air distribution regardless of the pipe bias. When installing two-pipe structures, the slope of both circuit sections is taken into consideration.

Advantages and disadvantages of a closed heating system

There are advantages and disadvantages to a sealed heating system with forced circulation of a closed heating type. Despite some drawbacks, her advantages outweigh the drawbacks and should be carefully evaluated.

Advantages of a closed heating system

• Large heat transfer;
• Lack of evaporation of the coolant;
• The possibility of using smaller diameter pipes;
• The life of the boiler is higher by reducing the temperature difference at the entrance and output;
• Reduction of corrosion due to tightness;
• The possibility of using antifreeze as a coolant.

Disadvantages of a closed heating system

• Energy dependence (power supply for a circulation pump for heating is required);
• The volume of the expansion tank should be much larger, it is natural that it is somewhat more expensive.

How this system works

Because of the changes in mass and fluid density brought about by temperature changes, coolant (water) flows through the pipes. When the water in the boiler heats up, its mass and density decrease. Currently, there is a larger mass and density of colder water in the pipes that has already contributed its warmth. In the meantime, hot water replaces the cold water inside the radiator due to gravitational forces.

It only takes a review of physics to comprehend the precise operation of the gravitational heating system. Because it is easier, the water heated in the boiler rises freely through the central riser’s pipes. Heavy cold water is currently being lowered into the heating boiler. Warm water is dispensed evenly throughout the radiators until it reaches the upper point. Because the hot water has simply "replaced" the cold water, the cold water in them sinks to the lower part of the battery and eventually disappears entirely.

The process of heat return takes place when the hot coolant is admitted to the radiator. That is, heat is transferred into the room directly through the radiator materials as they progressively warm up. Next, hot coolant is once more added to the cooled coolant. This is an ongoing process. While the boiler is operating, the liquid circulates until it reaches a temperature.

Types of heating systems with gravitational circulation

There are at least four widely used installation schemes for the water heating system with self-carbon monitoring, despite its simplicity. The features of the building itself and the desired performance are taken into consideration when selecting the wiring type.

Each situation must be evaluated individually to determine which scheme will work best. This includes calculating the diameter of the pipe, accounting for the heating unit’s characteristics, and performing a hydraulic calculation of the system.P. You might need to enlist the assistance of a professional when doing calculations.

Closed system with gravity circulation

Among alternative solutions, closed systems are the most widely used in EU member states. The plan is still relatively new in the Russian Federation. A water-type water heating system with non-bend circulation operates on the following principles:

• When heated, the coolant expands, water is displaced from the heating circuit.
• Under pressure, the liquid enters the closed membrane expansion tank. The design of the container represents a cavity divided into two parts membrane. One half of the tank is filled with gas (nitrogen is used in most models). The second part remains empty for filling the coolant.
• When heating the fluid, pressure is created sufficient to pushed the membrane and squeeze the nitrogen. After cooling, the reverse process occurs, and gas squeezes water from the tank.

The remaining closed systems function similarly to other natural circulation heating schemes. One can identify reliance on the expansion tank’s volume as a drawback. It is not always a good idea to install a large container in rooms with a large heated area.

Open system with gravity circulation

The expansion tank’s design is the sole way that the open-type heating system varies from the earlier model. Older buildings were the typical settings for this design. One of the benefits of an open system is the ability to self-manufacture capacity using readily available materials. Tanks are typically placed on the living room’s roof or beneath the ceiling and have modest dimensions.

The primary drawback of open structures is air getting into the heating radiators and pipes, which increases corrosion and speeds up the breakdown of heating components. Additionally, the system of the system frequently appears as a "guest" in open-type schemes. As a result, Maevsky’s taps must have air tolair, and radiators are angledly installed.

One -pipe system with self -cycling

Due to its poor heat efficiency, single-pipe horizontal systems with natural circulation are seldom utilized. The fundamental design of the scheme is that the radiators are connected to the supply pipe in a sequential manner. Warm coolant passes through the lower drive and into the upper battery pipe. Heat then moves on to the next heating node and so forth to the final point. The return travels back to the boiler from the extreme battery.

This solution has a number of benefits:

1. There is no pair pipeline under the ceiling and above the floor.
2. Saving funds for the installation of the system.

The drawbacks of making such a choice are clear. Because the heating radiators are farther away from the boiler, there is a decrease in both heat transfer and heating intensity. Experience demonstrates that even with careful observation of all slopes and proper pipe diameter selection, a two-story building’s single-pipe heating system with natural circulation frequently needs to be recreated (by installing pumping equipment).

Two -pipe system with self -cycling

The following architectural characteristics of a two-pipe heating system with natural circulation in a private home:

1. Feed and return pass through different pipes.
2. The supply pipeline is connected to each radiator through the input allotment.
3. The second eyeliner is connected to the return.

Consequently, a two-pipe radiator type system offers the subsequent benefits:

1. Uniform heat distribution.
2. Lack of need for adding radiator sections for better heating.
3. Easier to adjust the system.
4. The diameter of the water circuit, at least by a size less than in single -pipe schemes.
5. Lack of strict rules for installing a two -pipe system. Small deviations are allowed relative to slopes.

The main benefit of the two-pipe heating system with lower and upper wiring is its simplicity and efficient design, which makes it possible to correct calculations or installation errors.

Problem	Solution
Blocked pipes	Flush the system to remove debris and sediment.
Air pockets	Bleed radiators to release trapped air.

Don’t worry if your heating system’s water circulation has been problematic. You can enhance the efficiency and flow of your system by implementing a few easy yet powerful steps.

First things first, make sure the balance of your heating system is correct. This entails regulating the water flow to every radiator to ensure uniform heating throughout. Better circulation throughout your house is ensured by a balanced system, which makes sure no radiator is using up all the hot water.

Next, examine your pipes for any air pockets or blockages. Water may not flow freely in the system if air becomes trapped in it. Maintaining smooth water circulation can be facilitated by routinely bleeding your radiators and checking that the pipes are clear of obstructions.

Your pump’s quality is another essential consideration. Water circulation can be severely hampered by a weak or malfunctioning pump. To enhance the water flow through your heating system, think about swapping out your old pump for a more effective one if you have any reason to believe that it is subpar.

Furthermore, as water passes through your system, adequate pipe insulation can help keep the water at a consistent temperature. Because insulated pipes are less likely to lose heat, hot water will efficiently heat every area of your house.

Finally, never undervalue the significance of routine maintenance. Ensuring optimal water circulation can be greatly enhanced by keeping your heating system clean and well-maintained. Plan routine professional check-ups to detect problems early and maintain the functionality of your system.

Your home will remain warm and cozy during the winter months if you implement these easy tips to enhance the circulation of water in your heating system.

Video on the topic

How to increase the efficiency of a heating system in a private house!

6 Why there is no circulation of the coolant in the heating system

Energy -dependent heating: what to consider!

The latest batteries are cold, what to do?