Heating system types of scheme

Selecting an appropriate heating system for your house is essential for both energy efficiency and comfort. Making an informed choice can be aided by knowing the various kinds of heating system schemes that are available. Every heating system, whether it is contemporary radiant heating or conventional central heating, has pros and cons.

These days, central heating systems are among the most prevalent in homes. These systems usually consist of a boiler or furnace that heats air or water, which is then circulated via vents, radiators, and pipes throughout the house. Depending on your location and preferences, central heating can use a variety of fuel sources, such as gas, oil, or electricity.

An alternative method is provided by radiant heating systems, which heat surfaces and objects directly as opposed to the air. Underfloor heating or panels mounted in walls or ceilings can accomplish this. Compared to conventional central heating systems, radiant heating uses less energy while producing a more uniform and comfortable temperature.

A growing number of people are using ductless mini-split systems because of their adaptability and energy efficiency. These systems connect an outdoor unit to one or more indoor units to distribute air instead of utilizing ducts, enabling customized temperature control and zoning in various parts of the house. For homes without ductwork already installed or where installing ductwork would be impractical, ductless mini-splits are the best option.

By bringing heat from the ground, air, or water outside the house, heat pumps provide a sustainable heating option. They are a year-round HVAC solution because they can provide both heating and cooling. Heat pumps work best in temperate climates, but in colder climates, you might need a backup heating source.

Heating System Type	Scheme
Radiant Heating	Uses hot surfaces to radiate heat into the room.
Forced Air Heating	Uses a furnace to heat air and a blower to distribute it through ducts.

Types of heating wiring circuits

The wiring schemes are conditionally divided into multiple groups, in spite of their seeming diversity.

Two pipes and one pipe

Both vertical and horizontal

Dead end and the coolant’s approaching motion

Furthermore, one of the two indications from each of the three sets of features should be present in a particular heating system. For instance, the wiring can be one pipe horizontal with coolant moving in a dead end or two pipes horizontal with coolant moving in an incoming direction, etc.D.

During the design phase, the placement of the heating components is chosen. Simultaneously, it is critical to realize that there are not good or bad divorces, only poorly designed plans that were not calculated or executed correctly, or that failed to account for particular operating circumstances.

However, how is the wiring chosen if all the schemes work well?

The primary decision for designers is whether to use a one-pipe or two-pipe wiring scheme, as each has a large following and detractors. Arguments like cost and ease of installation, effectiveness, and degree of comfort are most frequently used in disputes of this kind.

In fact, installing a single-pipe system uses nearly half as many pipes as installing a two-pipe system for heating. a sizable upfront financial savings, particularly on pricey copper pipes or material-intensive steel pipelines.

Installing a single-pipe system is simpler because the boiler’s water flows through each heating device in turn before returning to it. These are the unquestionable benefits of a single-pipe heating system; however, there are drawbacks as well, the primary one being the heating system’s uneven heating.

Indeed, when the coolant passes through the radiator, the water temperature is reduced. This means that each subsequent heating device in a one -pipe system is always colder than the previous. For a more uniform distribution of heat in rooms removed from the boiler, more powerful heating devices are installed, and radiators are mounted with a bypass line and adjusting reinforcement. But with adjusting reinforcement, it is sometimes difficult to achieve uniform heating of all rooms and creating comfortable conditions in the house. In addition, with a one -pipe heating system, in which the bypass is not provided, the radiator cannot be completely turned off, which creates serious obstacles to optimizing the operation of the heating system and for its repair in case of emergency situations.

This disadvantage is absent from a two-pipe heating system.

Two -pipe heating wiring system

Two tubes are simultaneously appropriate for each radiator in the two-pipe heating system: the first, called the "feed," transports hot water from the boiler, and the second, called the "return," brings the cooled coolant back to the boiler.

There will be consistent heat distribution throughout the house thanks to the two-pipe heating system, which is simple to balance and guarantees that all heating appliances receive the same temperature supply.

The direction of movement of the coolant

The wiring may be with the upper or lower feed, depending on how the coolant moves. At the upper supply, hot water is sent from the boiler to the upper section of the heating system via a vertical riser. After that, it travels down the risers and back to the boiler.

Water from a lower supply enters the heating devices from below, flows (is poured) through them, and is collected in the reverse pipeline at the top of the heating system before entering the boiler.

Both single- and two-pipe heating systems can use these types of feed. On the other hand, empirical evidence indicates that the upper feed works better in a two-pipe system; in a one-pipe system, this is irrelevant.

Dead -end

The wiring in Dead Dead Estate allows the coolant to enter the heating device and exit it on the same side. Simultaneously, the water flow sort of comes to a stop, shifts direction, and exits the heating apparatus.

Coolant travels with the general flow of water from the boiler to the opposite pipeline when passing wiring is used. It enters the heating device on one side and exits on the other.

Passing wiring is thought to be more efficient. In fact, stagnation zones—zones where the intensity of the heat is lowest—are most unlikely to form when the heating device is being used. In contrast, dead end wiring causes the heating device to create zones where the water speed is low, which in turn causes the process of heat transfer to occur.

Vertical and horizontal wiring

This is a straightforward situation where the pipeline leaves the feeding line both vertically and horizontally depending on the type of wiring.

In private homes with a single heat consumer, horizontal and vertical wiring are interchangeable.

Apartment buildings are another thing. Because of their horizontal wiring, which places all of the heating systems in a unit "on one pipe," it is possible to install and run heat meters, allowing residents to control how much heat they use and pay for it based on their own accounting data.

Multiple risers, each combining heating devices on all floors of a multi-story building, can be found in an apartment with vertical wiring. It is possible to consider heat consumption solely on the riser with such wiring, which is completely pointless for apartment owners.

In summary, the heating system can be either single or dual-pipe, have an upper or lower supply, be horizontal or vertical, and pass or dead-end.

Schemes of water heating systems and their practical application

Water heating installation scheme and its nuances

The principles of thermodynamics and physics allow for the occurrence of such a process. Because hot water has a smaller volume than cold, it rises while the chilled liquid falls.

Water circulation design for a residential heating system. To increase, click.

Water enters the main riser and circulates in a closed system initially.

Subsequently, it travels through a heated pipeline that is housed in the attic or beneath the ceiling of the higher floors. After entering the hot riser, it is supplied to heating batteries or other devices that require heat.

Entering the radiator battery, water, and cooling section, it transfers its heat energy to a heated room and compensates for any heat loss.

After being heated, the water flows through a reverse riser and into the return pipeline, which is installed in the subterranean channel or laid in the basement.

Once more, the cooled liquid is placed in the boiler, which reheats it.

Insurmountable losses for friction and resistance happen when the coolant moves through the heating system. These losses are necessary to raise the circulation pressure above its current level.

The system’s circulation pressure must be lost during the calculated amount of coolant’s passage along the ring in order for heating devices, like the radiator battery, to transmit the necessary amount of heat.

Use a unique hydraulic heating system calculation to accomplish this.

The heating pipeline is constructed from steel seam pipes for gas pipelines that are welded together. In heating systems, gaskets are installed either hidden or open in risers and eyeliners.

Pipe blanks are used to install heating systems more conveniently in multi-story buildings. These blanks are prefabricated at pipeline factories or special procurement workshops.

Thermal recoil of heating devices installed in heated rooms can be adjusted, or hot eyeliner can be used to shut them down. Utilizing specialized double-adjustable cranes,

1. Primary adjustment. Performed in the process of initial adjustment of the system.
2. Secondary adjustment. Is carried out directly during operation.

Schemes of water heating systems and their varieties

An unique expansion vessel, a standard tank welded from sheet steel, is fitted to the upper point of the heating system. The coolant expanded, causing excess fluid to form and seep into this tank.

Schematic for the house’s water heating system installation. To increase, click.

The air traffic jams that develop in the heating system are removed via a unique overflow pipe located in the expansion vessel (tank).

Additionally, the overflow pipe is poured with an excessive amount of fluid-carrier fluid.

Within the lower section of the expansion tank is a signal tube equipped with a locking valve. The signal pipe’s end enters the boiler room’s shell.

Coolant is poured into the heating system until the expansion tank is full and no liquid is visible coming out of the signal tube.

An expansion vessel is installed on a hot riser in water heating systems with natural circulation to handle the "Stravka" excess air in the system.

All pipes in the water heating system are laid with a small slope of three to five millimeters per meter of the linear line in order to facilitate work on the production of air excesses in the system (apart from vertical risers).

Any building’s heating system is filled with regular tap water.

If there’s not enough pressure in the water supply to fill the system all the way up, use a manual pump to pump fluid-carrier.

Avoid letting water from the heating system during the summer to prevent possible corrosion of the pipeline and to prevent drying out the seals in the threaded joints that are available in the pipeline.

Lower wiring scheme

When the pipelines are hot and the reverse is installed in the basement room, the water heating systems’ circuit is also connected to the lower wiring. That being said, the most common type of water heating system in recent years has been a single-pipe circuit.

Given that the pipes in these schemes are substantially shorter than in 2 pipe, mounting is made easier. They appear more organized, which is especially the case when the pipes are laid in an open manner.

Single-pipe systems differ from two-pipe systems in that the coolant entering the heating devices has a decreasing temperature as it passes through the riser, rather than a constant temperature. This is also a disadvantage of single-pipe systems.

The riser pipes had to be increased in the direction of the fluid movement as a result of this circumstance.

Additionally, axial closing areas are used in a heating scheme.

A system of risers with radiator batteries connected to them is frequently installed in buildings with few stories.

This scheme is handy because it can easily apply the same type of risers without requiring preliminary measurements, without using more pipes.

For this kind of scheme, pipes manufactured at pipeline factories or specialized workshops are ideal.

Using such a scheme is particularly beneficial for three-way cranes, as it allows heating devices to be calculated based on the conditions of all coolant passing through the riser. This will inevitably result in a reduction of the heating battery’s energy costs.

In the event that the building or residence lacks an attic, a lower wiring single-pipe water heating wiring scheme would be appropriate.

Because the heat transfer of individual radiator batteries or other heating devices cannot be adjusted, single-pipe running schemes are not very convenient to operate. Nevertheless, these heating systems can be installed in buildings that do not need this kind of adjustment.

For instance, these are the workshops found in factories, etc. It is feasible to implement horizontal single-pipe schemes in structures with no more than three stories.

Heating with natural and forced circulation

Every liquid heating system has forced pumping circulation in addition to natural circulation. Natural circulation heating systems are comparatively uncommon in contemporary architecture.

Installing these kinds of systems in separate buildings with a small heating area is advised. These days, entire arrays are constructed alongside contemporary buildings.

Water circulates naturally when heating a home. To increase, click.

They have central heating, boots, and independent thermal power centers built just for them. As a result, the pumping circulation water heating system is widely used.

Only the circulation pumps’ operation keeps the liquid in such a system circulating. Usually, the system has two workers and a spare installed. Prior to the heating boiler, the pumps are mounted on the reverse line.

The pumps are then separated into:

Electric motors are used in almost every kind of water heating system as well as every kind of pump used in these systems.

The systems with natural circulation supply coolant at a maximum speed of 0.2 meters per second, while the pumps supply water in the pipelines at a rate of 0.5 to 1 meters per second.

For the total elimination of "air traffic jams" from heating systems in the first instance. Hot lines that have been divorced are installed with a slight rise in the fluid movement direction.

The forced circulation heating system’s operating principle. To increase, click.

This design is implemented because the expansion tank is connected to the "return" prior to the pump in the system that circulates liquid using a pump.

In this instance, specific air intakes installed in the upper regions of the heated pipeline allow air to be "poisoned."

Pumping circulation systems enable the installation of heating appliances at or below the boiler level.

Installation of heating devices above the boiler is required for systems with natural coolant circulation (individual heating in the apartment is an exception).

Water is used as a coolant in central heating, and the pumps are situated in the central boiler room or at the heat-selected station.

Either there is no expansion tank at all, or it is placed on the tallest structure and "fed" into this thermal power plant. An alternative is a sub-puppy pump.

Every building that is part of a single central heating system has a unique heat output. The waterfront pump enters if the building is supplied with too much hot water, above the estimated temperature. It mixes cold liquid into hot water to bring the temperature balance to the desired level.

Wiring water heating and temperature regimes

By adding chilled water from the same heating system to the hot water supply, the temperature of the hot water is lowered.

In the event that steam is utilized as a coolant, a unique steam-water heat exchanger that heats hot water is installed in the thermal inputs of water heating buildings. We refer to this heating system as steam-water.

Hot water in water heating systems typically operates at 95 °C, while cold water is at 70 °C.

The "return" will have the same temperature indicator, 70 °C, but the production facilities will have temperature indicators that can reach 130 °C of hot water in order to preserve the surface of the heating elements and reduce the costs of the heating system.

These indicators, however, are below in medical facilities. It is therefore customary to raise the temperature of the input pipeline to 85 °C and the "return" to 65 °C in accordance with sanitary and hygiene standards.

The weather has a big impact on how well central heating works. Less heat is lost from heated rooms the higher the outside temperature.

As a result, it is also possible to lower the temperature of the water supplied to the central heating system. The purported high-quality adjustment is now considered one of liquid heating schemes’ greatest benefits.

Heating systems: species-schemes, elements and basic concepts

I will discuss what an apartment or private home’s water heating system is in this article. It is necessary for me and the reader to go over its fundamentals, important ideas, and choices for wiring and connecting heating equipment.

Heating system for a two-story cottage.

Elements and concepts

First, let’s review some basic terminology to help the reader avoid becoming lost in it.

• Input heating – a section of the pipeline between the nearest heat well (read – withdraw from the heating main) and the input locking reinforcement of the house heating system;

The first flange of the input valve typically marks the boundary of the zone of responsibility section between the housers and the heating networks. Other plans, though, are conceivable. The heating mains, elevator nodes, and heating systems in Inkerman, where I reside, are all served by heating systems.

• Waterfront elevator – the heart of an elevator node, a steel or cast -iron tee with a nozzle that provides mixing water from the supply and reverse threads of the heating main. The elevator allows you to send part of the spent coolant for recirculation. It provides a high speed of the coolant (and, therefore, the minimum temperature difference between the ends of the circuit) with a minimum water flow from the supply;

The mechanism and working principle of the water-jet elevator.

• Elevator node -the tie of the elevator, the complex of shut-off-regulating reinforcement, ensuring the operation of the heating system;

The simplest elevator node’s device.

There may be multiple elevator nodes in the apartment complex. One of them is usually in charge of heating and providing hot water to the home. the remainder—just for warmth.

Hot water inserts in the elevator node.

• Rosliv (he is a heating roof, or a sunbed) – a horizontal pipeline connecting heating devices or risers (vertical pipelines) with heating appliances;

Pinklines of return and feeding in an apartment building’s basement.

• Eyeliner – a section of the pipeline connecting the heating devices with a roser (roslily) or riser (risers);

The radiator’s steel eyeliner.

• Boiler – heat source in an autonomous (not connected to a heating main) system. Boals are equipped with both the heating systems of a private house and individual apartments in apartment buildings of a new building;

Floor gas boiler on the right.

• Expansion tank – a container containing an excess of the coolant during its thermal expansion. The tank can be open (in a system operating at atmospheric pressure) and membrane (in a closed system with excess pressure).

For an open system, expand the tank.

In the second scenario, the tank is a container with an elastic partition that has some air inside of it that is slightly pressurized;

The membrane expansion tank’s volume ought to be roughly one-tenth that of the coolant. This volume is computed as 15 liters per 1 kW of boiler power in a balanced heating system.

A device that uses membrane tanks.

• Airmer – device for air removal from the heating system. Airkers are mounted at the top of the closed circuit and on all brackets rising above the level. Their roles of Maevsky, automatic air vents or ordinary taps can act;

Maevsky crane is seen in the picture beneath a flat screwdriver.

• Safety valve – a device for dumping the excess of the coolant at dangerously high pressure;

Usually, a security group consisting of an automatic air duct, valve, and manometer (which is required for visual pressure control) is installed on the discharge from the rosel following the boiler.

The security group for boilers.

• Hydraulic pressure – the height of the water column corresponding to the pressure difference in the section of the heating circuit. One atmosphere (1 bar, 1 kgf/cm2) correspond to an pressure of 10 meters.

An apartment building’s elevator node operates with hydraulic pressure drops of only 2 meters, or 0.2 kgf/cm2, between the mixture after the elevator and the return.

Which parameters are used by various heating systems?

It is normal for the CO to have a pressure of 5–7 kgf/cm2 at the elevator unit’s entrance on the feed and 3–4 kgf/cm2 on the reverse pipeline. The street temperature has an impact on the coolant’s temperature.

The most common temperature graph is 150/70, where the feed temperature increases to 150C at the coldest point and the return temperature drops to 70C.

150/70 is the temperature schedule.

In residential and production buildings, the temperature of the mixture (water after mixing the supply and return in the elevator entering the battery) is limited to 95 degrees, while in children’s preschool institutions, it is only 37 degrees.

A number of force majeure events may cause the standard temperature and pressure parameters to be noticeably exceeded.

Here are some instances of these situations:

• If you quickly fill an empty circuit or abruptly stop circulation in it, an area of high pressure is formed at the front front. With a hydraulic prize, its values can reach 25-30 atmospheres;

It is not hard to foresee the outcomes.

• After the end of the heating season, the heating main “for density” is carried out. During the tests, the pressure in them increases to 12 or more atmospheres. In this case, the input valves of the elevator node should be blocked, but the human factor or malfunction of the locking reinforcement may well lead to the fact that not only the track will be tested;
• In extremely severe frosts and with a large number of complaints about the cold in apartments in the northern regions, the work of an elevator without nozzles is practiced. At the same time, the sucker is extended by a steel pancake, and the water enters the heating circuit directly from the supply of the track of the track. And its temperature in the peak of cold weather, as we recall, can reach 150C.

The heating circuit is immediately filled with water from the heating mains supply.

A pressure of 1.5–2.5 kgf/cm2 is normal in the autonomous heating system at temperatures of 70–75 s for feed and 50–55 s for return. When the heating system is correctly calculated, these parameters remain constant and are not influenced by outside variables.

Selecting an appropriate heating system for your house is essential for both energy efficiency and comfort. Knowing your options is essential to making an informed choice because there are many different kinds of heating systems available, each with its own scheme. Every system, from contemporary heat pumps and radiant heating to conventional boilers and furnaces, functions differently and offers special advantages. The best heating plan for your home should take into account a number of factors, including the availability of fuel, installation costs, maintenance needs, and environmental impact. Through an examination of the features and attributes of various heating system varieties, homeowners can proficiently regulate their energy usage while upholding a comfortable and toasty interior atmosphere all year round.

Classification of species

What indicators can be used to classify water heating systems?

Natural and forced circulation

The majority of forced circulation heating systems are found in private homes and apartment buildings. A compact device with a centrifugal impeller, the coolant initiates the pressure differential in the heating main or its own circulation pump. Its performance is measured in cubic meters per hour and can create a hydraulic pressure of up to 6 to 10 meters.

Pump device with low power consumption.

One benefit of these systems is the coolant’s high speed.

• Quick and uniform heating of heating devices at startup;
• The minimum temperature difference between the first and last batteries in the process during operation during the coolant.

Energy dependency is the forced circulation’s Achilles’ heel. The house loses heat when there are extended power outages.

Natural circulation systems, or gravitational systems, function because hot and cold water have different densities.

They are set up as follows:

• The boiler is lowered to the minimum level relative to the rest of the heating circuit – into the pit, the basement or basement;
• Immediately after the boiler, an accelerated collector is formed – a vertical pipe ending at the top point of the circuit. Through it, heated water is replaced up up the colder and dense masses of the coolant;
• Then she moves by gravity along a roser laid with a constant slope, gradually giving heat to the radiators, and returns to the heat exchanger of the boiler of the cooled.

The hydraulic pressure within the system is equivalent to the height differential between the boiler’s heat exchanger and the radiators.

An increased diameter in such a system compensates for the minimum hydraulic pressure.

The heating scheme, in which the circulation pump runs parallel to the roser gap rather than into it, is a compromise between forced and gravitational circulation. The ball valve or check valve (usually ballpoint) is mounted between the inserts.

Check valve with a ball.

How does a system of this kind heat water?

• In the presence of electricity, the circulation of the coolant is provided by a working pump. The bypass between the inserts is blocked by the tap or worked out due to the pressure difference;
• When the pump is turned off, the heating system automatically (if there is a check valve) or manually (tap) switches to natural circulation mode. Water begins to move through the bypass.

Feeding a gravitational system with a pump.

Open and closed

Their distinction from one another is clear and intelligible. The circuit in the first example is reported to the atmosphere and operates at hydrostatic pressure, which is equal to the water column’s height (that is, the vertical distance between the water level in the open expansion tank and the lower point of the rosel). In the second scenario, a membrane expansion tank-supported circuit experiences an excessive build-up of pressure.

The open system has the benefit of maximum simplicity. Its open expansion tank integrates the capabilities of the safety valve, airborne, and actual expansion tank. It is essentially the sole component of the boiler’s cauldron.

Forced circulation and a solid fuel boiler in an open system.

The coolant in a closed system stays out of the air and doesn’t evaporate. Its update in a closed circuit is not necessary from the word "completely" if there are no leaks. This denotes the lack of silt and mineral deposits on the pipe walls, and consequently, the maximum resource utilization of all system components.

Horizontal and vertical

It is quite predictable that the orientation of horizontal and vertical wiring differs in space. Vertical heating systems are almost nonexistent in their pure form, but they are common in one-story buildings.

System of vertical heating.

Both horizontal and vertical sections are typically included in the height of the heating system on more than one floor of apartment buildings and private homes. A riser that runs through a few rooms or apartments is an example of a vertical wiring, whereas a heating clasp installed in the attic or basement is a typical horizontal wiring.

One -pipe and two -pipe

A floor- or perimeter-mounted single-pipe system, also known as Leningrad, is a ring of roses. Heating elements are connected either parallel to or in a roser rupture.

In the second scenario, the owner can modify the heat transfer of the batteries separately from one another and turn off a separate radiator, cutting the circuit entirely.

Leningrad one-pipe system. The radiators have cutting cranes on the eyeliners and are connected in a parallel fashion to the rod.

The feed and return roslifies for the two-pipe system are positioned along the heated room. Both outlets are connected to heating devices (or risers with multiple devices).

The standard system for all multi-apartment buildings constructed in the modern era is the two-pipe heating system. Single-pipe Leningrades were installed in post-war barracks and low-rise buildings.

Dead and passing

There exist two types of two-pipe systems: passing and dead end.

In the first example, the coolant moves in the opposite direction as it passes through the return pipeline from the supply pipeline. With this kind of plan, you can wrap the heating to get around doorways, panoramic windows, and other obstructions.

The studio apartment had wiring with two pipes.

The dead end circuit, however, has a significant disadvantage. The heating elements near the boiler serve as a coolant bypass. They will have precise circulation of the main volume of water; distant radiators will be noticeably colder, and in severe frosts, they may freeze to nothing.

Skids to nearby radiators are throttled in order to solve this issue. All of the heating devices’ temperatures can be adjusted thanks to a feature known as "system balancing." Mounted on the eyeliners are needle throttles, which enable you to control the heat transfer of devices using your hands, or thermal drives, which carry out adjustments in a semi-automatic mode.

Adjust the radiator’s eyeliner throttle.

The passing scheme known as the Tichelman loop cleverly addresses the issue of uneven radiator heating. In actuality, it is formed by multiple parallel contours that have the same length and hydraulic resistance. Its temperature will always be roughly the same regardless of the number of radiators.

Tichelman loop choice for a home with two stories.

Lower and upper

An attic feed is used in the two-pipe heating diagram known as upper wiring, or upper outlet. Each riser acts as a jumper between them, with the return’s liner being laid on the basement floor. The valve’s or the taps’ cutting riser is positioned at the top and bottom, respectively.

The upper exterior design of a five-story structure. The feed enters the attic from below.

A significant amount of time must pass before turning off a separate riser in such a scheme. One major benefit is a very easy launch: all you have to do is open the supply and return shut-off valves and allow air to escape from the expansion tank’s output at the top point to add a dropped out circuit to the work.

The return and return are located in the basement of the home with the lower wiring (lower outlet) of the feed and return. The risers are connected to both outlines in turn, and they are connected in pairs using jumpers that are either brought out into the attic or, less frequently, are found on the upper floor.

Diagram showing a home’s heating system with a lower outlet.

How does the lower outlet appear in terms of operability when compared to the upper background?

• The disconnection of the risers takes less time: the taps are next to each other and in the same room;

The only inconvenience is having to throw away a pair of risers in addition to the problematic one in order to repair it.

• The price of simplicity of shutdown is the inconvenience of starting the heating system after discarding it. To resume circulation in risers, you need to steal air from jumpers on every pair of risers.

The launch of an apartment building is made more difficult by the fact that the owners of the upper apartments are rarely at home during the building’s locksmiths’ business hours.

Collective and consistent

Each heating device is passed by the coolant in turn in a typical sequential circuit. The difference in temperature between them is the cause of this. The collector scheme suggests connecting devices in parallel to a single collector.

• Independent adjustment of the temperature of all radiators from one point;
• The same temperature on them in the absence of throttle.

However, collector wiring has two clear drawbacks:

1. Material intensity;
2. The need for a hidden laying of the carts in the screed or in false walls. Obviously, several pairs of pipes stretching on the walls will not decorate the design of the dwelling.

Convection and intra -sex

Convection is the term used to describe the relatively uniform distribution of heat produced by air mixing caused by the difference in density between hot and cold air masses. This process is used in traditional heating systems, such as sectional and panel radiators, convectors, and registers.

I purposefully used the term "relatively uniform." The air beneath a ceiling will always be warmer than the air at the floor thanks to convection heating.

Any householder who abides by physical laws, however, is not accustomed to passing their leisure time staring at the ceiling. The floor needs to be heated. The only effect of the air heating in the living room’s upper section is a significant heat leak through the ceiling.

A water warm floor is created by placing a tubular heat exchanger in an aluminum heat distribution plate or screed, resulting in a finished coating with a relatively high thermal conductivity. When it’s heated, the floor becomes a heating device overall. Because the average room temperature drops, intra-sex heating not only creates a subjective feeling of comfort but also yields noticeable heat savings.

Temperature distribution for various heating configurations.

Installing a floor that is heated by water.

Heat escapes through the surrounding structures at a rate that increases with the temperature differential between the street and the house.

Connection of heating devices

First, a few broad guidelines regarding apartment building heating systems.

1. If cutting taps, thrummers or thermal tires stand on the eyeliners to the radiator, there must be a jumper between the eyeliners. Otherwise, the shut-off-regulating reinforcement will prevent the normal circulation of the coolant in the riser;

Jumper from the radiator to the eyeliner.

1. If you do not live on the top floor, the radiator can categorically cannot be connected between the risers of the return and filing. You will have warm, but the neighbors will begin to freeze from above. After a complaint to the housing organization and the preparation of an act on unauthorized alteration of public utilities, you will be forced to restore the initial investment scheme at your own expense.

Now, let’s talk about where the plates are in relation to the sectional radiator.

The water heating battery works on the following principle: coolant circulates through relatively large horizontal collectors and connects their thin vertical channels in sections. The first and last sections are guaranteed to be heated uniformly because of the variations in collector and channel patency.

Until there are more than eight or ten sections, the conventional side unilateral connection is still effective. The entire internal section of the vertical channels is greater than the collectors’ section if there are more of them. The final portions cool down as the coolant only passes through the channels that are closest to the eyeliner.

Aluminum radiator connected unilaterally on the side.

An easy solution to the uneven heating issue is to connect the battery diagonally. Regardless of the device’s size, it will be heated uniformly along its whole length in this instance.

Diagram of a diagonal connection.

A different approach would be a lower connection. It will marginally lessen heat transfer because the coolant and metal’s thermal conductivity will cause the top of the sections to warm up primarily while the lower manifold will carry the majority of the water’s flow.

Additionally, the traffic jam that obstructs circulation will be replaced into the upper manifold by the battery, meaning that it won’t obstruct the water movement along the lower manifold. This means that the battery can even function as a dull.

Reduced bilateral relationship.

Selecting the ideal heating system for your house is an important choice that affects energy efficiency and comfort levels. To assist you in making an informed decision, we have examined a variety of heating system types and schemes in this article.

First and foremost, it’s critical to comprehend the various kinds of heating systems. Every type of heating system, including forced-air, radiant, steam radiant, and geothermal heat pump, has pros and cons of its own. Radiant heating provides a gentle, even heat from below, while forced-air systems quickly and evenly distribute heat.

Second, how your heating system functions inside your house depends on its design. Smaller spaces might get by with a single-zone system, but a multi-zone setup offers more control and energy savings because it heats different areas according to demand. The decision between a decentralized and centralized system also has an impact on cost, efficiency, and maintenance.

Furthermore, choosing the best heating system involves taking into account a number of important variables, including fuel availability, climate, insulation quality, and cost. For instance, in colder climates, maintaining comfort during the winter months and controlling energy bills require a high-efficiency furnace or boiler combined with appropriate insulation.

Finally, doing extensive research and speaking with heating specialists can help you sort through the confusing array of heating system options. You can make an informed choice that guarantees the best possible comfort, efficiency, and savings for years to come by taking into account the unique requirements, preferences, and long-term objectives of your house.