Forced ventilation. Types and installation of mechanical installations for ventilation

Proper ventilation plays a critical role in keeping a comfortable and healthy home environment. In addition to assisting with temperature regulation, proper ventilation guarantees the flow of fresh air, maintaining the highest possible standards of indoor air quality. We explore the different kinds and installation techniques of mechanical ventilation systems as we delve into the realm of forced ventilation in this article.

The purpose of forced ventilation systems is to actively remove stale air from the house and replace it with outside air. Mechanical ventilation controls the flow of air using fans and ducts, as opposed to natural ventilation, which depends on passive airflow through apertures like windows and vents. This makes it especially useful in places like tightly sealed or insulated homes where there is inadequate natural ventilation.

Mechanical ventilation systems come in various varieties, each suited to a unique set of requirements and tastes. An example of a typical kind is an exhaust-only ventilation system, which draws air from designated spaces like kitchens and bathrooms using fans. As a result, the building envelope’s gaps and openings allow in fresh air by creating negative pressure inside the home.

The supply-only ventilation system is another well-liked choice. It functions by using fans to bring in fresh air while letting old air naturally exit the building. This lessens the amount of pollutants and allergens that enter the house from the outside and helps to maintain positive pressure inside. Additionally, to provide balanced airflow throughout the house, balanced ventilation systems incorporate components of supply and exhaust ventilation.

A mechanical ventilation system must be installed carefully, taking into account a number of variables such as the house’s size and layout, the climate in the area, and air quality issues. In order to maximize energy efficiency and guarantee effective airflow, vents and ductwork must be positioned correctly. Homeowners should also select equipment based on performance, energy efficiency, and noise levels to ensure that it suits their unique requirements.

In conclusion, forced ventilation systems are essential to preserving a cozy and healthy interior atmosphere. Homeowners can enhance air quality and energy efficiency in their homes by making educated decisions by knowing the various types and installation techniques available.

Calculation of the parameters of local hoods

Umbrella-shaped suction is used to collect and retain harmful emissions and fumes for human health. If buying them proves to be challenging, you can always prepare the necessary drawing and make it yourself.

The following information and parameters are established at the initial stage:

• The area of excretion of harmful substances is A * B, as well as the diameter of the umbrella – D;
• the speed of air movement at the work area is VB;
• The calculation of local exhaust ventilation is carried out taking into account the speed of absorption into the umbrella – VZ
• the height of the installation of the structure above the source of the release of dangerous pollution indicates Z.

The height at which an exhaust umbrella is installed is one of the critical factors that affects how well hazardous materials are absorbed. It is recommended by engineers to hang it as low as possible to the working area in order to properly absorb and divert all evaporation and discharge.

With an emphasis on the next umbrella size, exhaust ventilation is installed:

Considering additional parameters, D = 0.8 × Z+D; A = 0.8 × z+a, and b = 0.8 × z+b.

Sixty degrees is the ideal amount of umbrella disclosure. In this sense, the risk of stagnant zone formation is eliminated. It is preferable to raise the opening angle to 90 degrees if the room in question is extremely low. Regarding the lower edge’s height, it measures 180 cm. The hood’s ventilation is connected in a way that creates access for folding curtains from three sides.

It is best to add specialized folding curtains to the umbrella in rooms where the air mass velocity is less than 0.4 m/s. The computation data that has been provided will aid in more precisely estimating the cost of the completed product and selecting the appropriate machinery. That being said, it is best to speak with an expert before connecting the hood to ventilation as they can perform the necessary calculations and suggest particular device models.

Installation of ventilation equipment with your own hands

Samples of installations for fans in homes

Most of the time, installing ventilation in an apartment just entails organizing and enhancing the current common system with natural thrust. Mechanical exhaust devices and supply valves are added to it. At the output, combined ventilation is thus achieved.

Supply and exhaust ventilation with mechanical drive is more frequently installed in private homes.

The greater space and profusion of utility rooms—where air movement also needs to be planned—explain this decision.

There are various benefits to installing forced ventilation in a home or apartment.

• ventilation works automatically;
• the calculated temperature and air movement are maintained.

Installing supply-type ventilation in a private home only allows for the flow of clean, fresh air at the proper temperature. The outflow happens organically via vent pipes in the furnace, fireplace, or specially designed exhaust channels.

In a private home, the installation of exposed ventilation forces the spent air out. In this instance, valves are used to organize the influx.

In the event that the proprietor opted to equip the ventilation independently, the following factors should be considered when selecting a method:

• room size;
• the number of residents;
• the purpose of the room (bedroom, nursery, kitchen);
• Which side of the world the windows overlook;
• The total area of glazing.

Installation of the supply valve of ventilation

The supply valve’s hole

Installing supply ventilation within the building could be one of the easy and efficient solutions. Selecting the rooms that require fresh air to be served is the first step. There are instances where supply valves are installed in every room.

The supply valve is conveniently located in the space between the windowsill and the heating radiator. In this case, the air enters the room after entering the warm battery, and the valve will be completely invisible.

In order to install the influx, you must drill the hole in the wall that the instructions specify (or a little more for free advancement of the pipe). One centimeter more is cut off from the duct than the thickness of the wall.

A noise-gaped box is mounted on the wall and placed on the pipe from the side of the room. There is a grid all over the exterior.

For apartments, there are mechanical forced ventilation supply units. They are small, monoblock-shaped, and remarkably capable of handling one room’s upkeep. The air is heated and the influx’s intensity is controlled prior to serving.

Installation of an exhaust ventilation fan

Hospitable axial fan

When organizing exhaust ventilation in a kitchen or bathroom, installing a fan rather than gratings is frequently sufficient. The purpose and size of the room should be taken into consideration when choosing the fan’s power:

Where, depending on the use of the space, l is the length, h is the height, W is the width, and k is the air exchange coefficient. For the bathroom – 10, for the kitchen – 15, for the toilet – 7. Since the temperature and humidity levels in these rooms are higher, exhaust ventilation is typically needed in these spaces.

To maintain the normal pressure balance inside and outside the house, it’s crucial not to overuse the hood’s power. See the installation video of different ventilation systems to learn more:

See the installation video of different ventilation systems to learn more:

Air balance

You should use a positive balance when calculating forced ventilation. This indicates that there is more supply air than exhaust air in the system.

If the doors are traditionally covered tightly with skirting boards in the house, you should install grates to allow air to pass through. After that, the air in each room will be free to move around.

The air is mechanically removed and supplied to the closed rooms.

The proportion of hoods to influx in a space for different uses.

The purpose of the room	Innings	Outflow
Living room	200 cubic meters/h	200
Bedroom	250 cubic meters/h	200
Corridor	–	50
Kitchen	100 cubic meters/h	150
Combined bathroom	50 cubic meters/h	Autonomous
Total (the necessary minimum)	600 cubic meters/h	600

Calculation of exhaust ventilation

Exhaust fan

The first step in calculating the supply and exhaust ventilation of an industrial space is locating any sources of toxic or explosive discharge. The amount of supply and exhaust air used is then determined to be sufficient to maintain hygienic standards. The following formula can only be used to determine exhaust ventilation in a room without any dangerous sources:

Here: m is the amount of fresh air used by each worker in an hour; n is the number of employees; O is the amount of air governed by hygienic standards.

SNiP determines the size m for every employee:

• in the presence of venturers m = 30 cubic meters per hour;
• without an air flow m = 60 cubic meters per hour.

Hazardous materials are frequently dispersed throughout the workshop’s volume, so it’s important to lower their concentration to the MPC where people are present before eliminating them with mechanical exhaust ventilation. MPC standards are available in specialized literature; there is a threshold for every hazardous material. The amount of fresh air required for dilution to MPC is determined as follows:

Here: MV is the mass of a dangerous material that enters the atmosphere in an hour; Co-a particular level of hazardous material in the building’s air; KP is the amount of dangerous material present in the influx. By determining the required air volume, you can select the engine power for exhaust ventilation.

If multiple dangerous substances are identified in the workshop, the computations are carried out independently for each and then combined. The costs of all local exhaust ventilations for soldering and a total influx are added up to find the overall air balance of the building.

We compute the excess heat in order to get the supply air amount:

[3.6Q-C * OL (TR-TP)/C (T1-TP)] + OL = W,

Here: Q is the quantity of heat released by products and machinery; OL is the amount of air removed by local hoods; C, or heat capacity, is equal to 1.2 according to the reference book; Tr: the air’s temperature after it was taken out of the workspace; TP is the influx’s temperature; T1: The air room’s total temperature was lowered.

Natural type

Residential building ventilation calculations

Think about the method for calculating natural type exhaust ventilation. The exhaust air is stretched through the mines using this kind of air exchange. Through gaps that are either naturally occurring or specially equipped, fresh air from the street enters its shift.

The pressure differential at the exhaust channel’s ends is determined in Pascals.

Here, l is the duct’s length, ωH is the air density on the street, and ωb is the air density inside the air duct. G is the acceleration of free fall.

The amount of air that enters the space during aeration is calculated using the following formula:

Here, we have TV (blow-out temperature), TP (tribute temperature), Q (total heat withdrawal), and 3.6 (specific heat capacity).

A pressure loss for the longest duct is computed that is equivalent to the sum of the pressure losses for each segment.

Pressure loss is computed as follows in one section:

Here, l is the air duct’s length, R is the pressure loss on the segment, and z is the resistance loss.

Choosing a model

Selecting an exhaust fan requires more than just understanding how it works. The device’s durability, ease of use, and effectiveness under particular circumstances are dependent on a number of other factors. To ensure that the purchase meets your expectations, thoroughly examine and assess every feature on the device.

Work performance

It is thought that the room’s total air volume should be replaced ten times in an hour. The device needs to display the amount of power used. This does not imply, however, that an exhaust fan with greater power is always more efficient. Within an hour of operation, the device’s performance is typically measured in cubic meters of air moved. The majority of devices now have this parameter listed in the documentation that goes with them.

Materials used

These days, plastic makes up the great majority of gadgets. Given the current state of the chemical industry’s development, high-quality plastic can offer respectable strength, dependability, and durability.

Nonetheless, you ought to be mindful of the caliber of each component’s manufacturing. It can be challenging to visually distinguish between cheap, fragile plastic.

Can aid in a comprehensive examination of every element’s surface. Typically, low-quality casting, needless seams, and other small flaws can be found in inexpensive products. The impeller, other components, and the interior of the body provide the best views of them. It is preferable to decline to purchase a device if it appears shoddy.

Noise level

While it may create some annoyance, the device’s noise level while in use has no bearing on its efficacy. It is best to avoid using electronics with noise levels higher than 40 dB. This requirement no longer applies to domestic models because of their significantly lower noise levels. The models can operate virtually silently.

Bushings or bearings can be used to install rotating elements on the shaft. Because they are less likely to wear out, bearings are not only quieter but also more durable. Over time, smushes abrasion may begin to rattle. The emergence of unrelated noises may indicate that the equipment is about to malfunction.

Dust and moisture protection

A household fan is frequently subjected to high humidity, so it’s important to consider the level of protection it offers. The IP marking, which consists of two digits, determines it.

The protection against dust and foreign objects penetrating mechanically is indicated by the first digit, while the protection against liquids is indicated by the second.

Dust protection may very well be zero because it lacks a decisive fan for the operation. It is more crucial to protect against moisture. If the fan is placed in a bathroom, models with more moisture protection than 4 should be chosen. This indicator shows that you are protected from directed spray. If the device is positioned high beneath the ceiling, out of the reach of directed water flows, it is acceptable to use it with lower values. It is not as important to protect the device from moisture in the kitchen or restroom.

It is critical to comprehend the significance of appropriate ventilation when attempting to create a comfortable and energy-efficient home. By actively distributing fresh air throughout the house, enhancing indoor air quality, and controlling humidity and temperature, forced ventilation systems provide a solution. Mechanical ventilation installations come in a variety of forms, from balanced systems with heat recovery to exhaust-only systems. Installing fans and vents requires careful planning to provide the best possible air distribution with the least amount of energy usage. Adopting forced ventilation can help homeowners save money on heating and cooling while also fostering healthier and cozier living spaces.

How ventilation works in panel houses

The majority of people in the Commonwealth of Independent States reside in multi-story buildings constructed during the Soviet Union, though some have recently moved into apartments in brand-new structures. However, most modern construction lacks the comforts of Soviet architecture. As a result, the budget principle governs how the air exchange is set up in them.

The arrangement of heating and ventilation in more costly new buildings follows contemporary guidelines and takes into consideration the use of novel materials and structural designs. Currently, residential buildings have the following kinds of ventilation:

• with a natural tributary and hood;
• with forced air movement through ventilation units.

Regarding the panel type housing, natural air exchange is the only method used. The same holds true for both contemporary low-budget structures and Soviet-era brick residential buildings. The room’s tributary should be managed by leaks in wooden windows or by using unique channels and valves constructed in double-glazed, metal-and-plastic windows.

As a result, the hood develops as a result of natural traction inside the vertical shaft that passes through the attic or over the roof. Under the influence of traction in the mine, fresh air rushes to its exit in the bathroom or kitchen through the windows. As a result, it gradually pollutes the entire apartment before exiting through the ventilation systems. The way this occurs is a good representation of the apartment’s ventilation system layout:

In the event that this flow is blocked in any way, the apartment’s air update will cease. Many residents make this mistake when performing repairs because they think the hood can function without an influx. The following is a list of common mistakes that result in air exchange violations:

• Installation of deaf double -glazed windows made of metalloplasty;
• elimination of the lumen between the door leaf and floors when replacing interior doors;
• Installation of periodically working axial fans in the toilet.

You cannot obstruct the supply air’s path in order to maintain the natural ventilation process. You must disconnect specific valves or arrange the street feed independently in new windows. The interior doors’ canvases contain pereplane lattices, and the fan shouldn’t cross the exhaust channel’s whole cross section.

Features of ventilation systems for kitchens

Size and performance are not the only factors to take into account when selecting fans. A special net installed in the kitchen’s ventilation system will keep insects from entering the house through the ventilation mine.

Customers frequently request that the front panel be removed to allow for easy cleaning. It is essential to select a device with a check valve designed to prevent the opposite thrust in order to prevent odors from someone else’s kitchen from entering the apartment through the ventilation ducts.

A cord-mounted switch can be used to augment homemade ventilation in the kitchen.

About natural ventilation

Even when constructing private homes of the traditional style, the natural ventilation system has gained popularity. The system’s minutes in accordance with such a plan necessitate routinely inspecting the ventilation duct rods. For appropriate verification, there are two choices.

1. If the natural device is installed under the ceiling, then the application of a sheet of paper is enough: when you close the ventilation, the sheet will stick and display the working condition of the ventilation in a private house.
2. In addition to the sheet, the system is checked by a lit match or a lighter. With a ventilation work system, the flame will change the direction.

A lighter can be used to examine the ventilation duct rods.

If there is no outcome, only experts will be able to assist in solving the issue. By the way, because of the shortcomings of the device and the inefficiency of the work, you can "reward" yourself with a lot of problems when using natural ventilation schemes.

One drawback of the natural ventilation system without backup fans is that it may cause thrust overturning as a result of outside influences or airflow direction changes. For this reason, it is preferable to have the channels available on the street—for instance, on the roof.

Warming up pipes and air ducts that pass by cold areas is a crucial step in this process. Due to their street-bred nature, ventilation ducts only function when the fan is turned on.

About the forced system

Since forced ventilation is the most effective system for providing a private home, kitchen, etc. with enough air exchange, it differs from natural ventilation in that sense. Long-term and effective forced kitchen ventilation can be achieved by selecting the right parameters and accounting for the frequency of air exchange.

The forced ventilation system has ineffective other ventilation devices and a problematic natural type organization. In some cases, the kitchen room is equipped for a required device. Оогда клапаны приточных обеспечивают воздухообмен, а такье устанавливаются вытяжные вентиляторы у входа в веншахту. The mechanical air injection principle powers both devices.

When implementing a forced system, it’s crucial to keep in mind the range of options available; some are fully automated, while others have specialized sensors to measure temperature and humidity. Such supplementary planning is required for a more cost-effective electricity calculation.

Consider the following when selecting equipment for a home corner.

1. When installing the forced system of ventilation ducts, the best choice will be setting ventilation. She will arrange not only a private house, but also other bulky areas. Despite the fact that there are less overall options, for low ceilings, none of them will suit them.
2. You can stop the choice on monoblock forced ventilation. Such ventilation devices are fully automated, has a fan, filters, aimed at thin and rough cleaning and removal of dirt, calorifier and cooling section, which injure and stretch air.

By adding up the work of the forced system, you can combine the aforementioned. For homes where the natural ventilation system is not functioning, a forced ventilation device must be installed. A forced ventilation system is required, and people who avoid entering the house from the street are spared cleaning and do not venture outside.

Ventilation schemes of residential buildings

The layout of ventilation may vary greatly depending on the building plans. This section will discuss the degree of effectiveness of a specific type of implementation of ventilation and attempt to determine how it is arranged in the panel house.

In this instance, contaminated air from nearby apartments does not enter the house because the ventilation shafts are not linked or improved. Another variant of Khrushchev’s ventilation system has separate channels that exit each apartment and travel to the roof, where they join a single pipe that exhausts air masses to the street.

Regretfully, the most basic yet inefficient ventilation technique is frequently employed, whereby air from every apartment goes into a single, sizable mine – akin to the ventilation system under Khrushchev. This lets you build the building with less space and money, but it comes with a lot of negative effects:

• The receipt of dust and unpleasant odors from other apartments – residents of the upper floors are especially susceptible to this, where the air rises naturally;
• rapid pollution of the total ventilation pipe;
• Lack of sound insulation.

Additional methods of exhaust air removal from ventilation shafts include the use of horizontal channels within the attic and pipe output into the attic without a chimney. Horizontal air ducts decrease air traction in the first scenario, and the lack of output to the street in the second scenario pollutes the attic. Although economical, the ventilation system in Khrushchev and other Soviet-style buildings is inconvenient for the occupants.

The fundamentals of a few residential buildings’ natural ventilation systems are as follows: (a) no prefabricated channels; (b) vertical prefabricated channels; (c) horizontal prefabricated channels in the attic; and (d) a heated attic.

Thankfully, a contemporary ventilation system that automatically draws in and supplies air exists. A fan that circulates air into the mine is part of its design. It is typically found in the building’s basement. The house’s roof is equipped with exhaust ventilation of the same capacity, which forcibly extracts tainted air masses from the duct. The most basic ventilation system in an apartment building is this one. Recuperators—a type of energy-saving device—can also be used to arrange it. Recuperator’s job is to remove heat (or cold) from released air and transfer it to supply.

Typically, ventilation mines originate from a multi-story building’s basement, further guaranteeing the structure’s defense against moisture and vapors. Natural traction is used to provide ventilation for the basement, and supply units are typically installed here in contemporary homes. General ventilation shafts that exit holes in each floor and apartment are used to remove unfiltered air from the basement.

One of the primary requirements for the proper functioning of the natural ventilation system is the ventilation of the basement, which is where it starts. In order to accomplish this, fresh air is allowed to enter the base through holes-sustains created in the basement walls. It provides traction in a common house mine and lowers humidity at the base of the building.

The holes can have a straightforward square or round shape. They need to be positioned far enough above the ground to prevent infiltration of dirt and water from the street. At least 20 centimeters is the ideal distance from Earth. If the basement has multiple rooms, the holes should be spaced evenly around its perimeter; this will allow for proper organization of a few fraud in each room. Fiction cannot be closed, or the apartment building’s ventilation system as a whole will be compromised. A metal net covers the holes to prevent animals from penetrating into the basement.

Types of Forced Ventilation	Installation Considerations
1. Exhaust Fans	– Typically installed in bathrooms and kitchens to remove stale air and odors. Requires a vent to the outside.
2. Supply Fans	– Intake fresh air from the outside into the house. Often used in conjunction with exhaust fans for balanced ventilation.
3. Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRVs)	– Recovers heat from outgoing air to preheat incoming air, improving energy efficiency.
4. Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs)	– Similar to HRVs but also transfer humidity, maintaining indoor comfort levels.
5. Whole-House Ventilation Systems	– Provide continuous ventilation for the entire house, ensuring consistent air quality.

A contemporary way to keep our homes comfortable and air quality stable is with forced ventilation systems. These systems utilize mechanical installations to actively circulate air, eliminating pollutants and stale air to guarantee a constant supply of fresh air. Forced ventilation systems come in a variety of forms, each with special characteristics and advantages.

An example of a common type is the exhaust ventilation system, which functions by drawing in fresh air through gaps and leaks and expelling air from the house through vents to create a negative pressure. Many homeowners choose this kind of system because it is reasonably easy and affordable to install.

Conversely, supply ventilation systems use ducts to bring in fresh air while expelling old air from the home. These systems can filter and condition incoming air more effectively, giving you better control over the temperature and quality of indoor air.

A mechanical ventilation system’s installation necessitates careful consideration of various elements, including the house’s size and layout, the local climate, and any concerns about indoor air quality. A proper installation is essential to guarantee best possible performance and energy economy.

To sum up, forced ventilation systems are essential to preserving a cozy and healthy interior atmosphere. The best option, whether it’s a supply or exhaust ventilation system, relies on personal preferences and needs. Improved air quality, energy savings, and overall wellbeing for homeowners and their families can be obtained by investing in a well-thought-out and expertly installed ventilation system.