Flat heating radiators: pros and cons, installation, manufacturers

Many homes have flat heating radiators as a standard feature because they offer warmth and comfort in the winter. They give homeowners the freedom to select the ideal match for their space because they are available in a variety of sizes, shapes, and designs. We’ll examine the benefits and drawbacks of flat heating radiators in this post, as well as the installation procedure and a few well-known producers.

The compact design of flat heating radiators is one of their main benefits. Flat radiators are slim and sleek, unlike bulky traditional radiators, which means they can be installed under windows or against walls without taking up valuable floor space. Their feature makes them perfect for contemporary homes where making the most of available space is important.

Flat radiators are renowned for their effective heat distribution as well. Better heat conduction is made possible by the flat surface area, which guarantees that warmth is dispersed equally throughout the space. As a result, living quarters are more comfortable, and since less continuous heating is required, energy savings may result.

Flat heating radiators are accessible to homeowners wishing to upgrade their heating systems because installation is comparatively simple. Installing a radiator can usually be done by a professional plumber or, for those with some plumbing experience, as a do-it-yourself project, depending on the type of radiator selected. Flat radiators are more appealing for both new construction and home retrofitting because of their versatility.

Regarding producers, there are a number of respectable businesses that are well-known for creating superior flat heating radiators. Homes can choose from a wide range of options, from well-known brands with a long history in the market to cutting-edge upstarts pushing the limits of design and functionality. To assist you in making an informed choice, we’ll examine a few of these producers and highlight important aspects of their offerings.

What are plate heating radiators?

One type of convector heating apparatus is plastic heating batteries. They are distinguished by a sizable heat exchange component and a small number of pipes that the coolant circulates through.

The scheme of operation is extremely basic:

• The coolant under increased pressure is driven away through the thin pipes of the heating element, giving them its thermal energy;
• The temperature of metal plates strung on pipes rises from warmed pipes in a small period of time;
• Between the warm -up plates, the air temperature quickly rises;
• Light warmed air rises up under the ceiling of the room, displacing cold air;
• Cold air descends to the convector, where between its plates it increases its temperature.

When using a plate convector to regulate the room’s air temperature, it’s important to keep in mind its peculiarities. Due to the small diameter of the heating device’s pipes, there won’t be enough coolant passing through them in a given amount of time to raise the plates’ temperature rapidly. For this reason, the coolant in the heating system with the aforementioned equipment installed needs to circulate under high pressure and differ in temperature. By doing this, the plates’ temperature will rise swiftly, ensuring optimal air convection.

How can the effectiveness of a heating appliance be increased? The power of the plate radiator can be enhanced with the aid of a metal corrugation attached using the protective panel principle. The heating element’s useful area is increased by this corrugation, which aids in heat transfer. Because of this, the convector can handle a greater volume of air, which raises the temperature inside it.

The room was heated by natural air circulation through old plate heating radiators. Consequently, there was a noticeable temperature differential in the large area’s room. It was always warmer above than below. This issue was resolved with the aid of the built-in fan. These days, plate batteries fall under the category of energy-dependent devices (the fan is powered by electricity). However, in this instance, the artificial air circulation makes the device more effective.

Device and principle of operation of flat batteries

Stamped metal sheets are combined in the production of steel flat heating radiators. Strong, dependable joints are formed in part by high-tech welding.

There is a high degree of heat transfer between two connected plane-panels; coolant circulates through a tiny inner cavity that forms in them. You must follow the advised temperature range in order to operate the equipment as sensibly as possible. Convection wall batteries are a new class of technology that emerged as a result of the addition of ribs to the planes to optimize fuel consumption. Spot welding is used to join additional components to the surface; the apparatus in this section is shaped like a trapezoid.

The perforations in the upper part of the flat batteries represent the heated air’s exit zones. Radiator plate-equipped metal pipes are inside the casing. A portion of the heated air is released by the working fluid as it circulates through the tubes; the flow path passes through the upper zone through a metal perforation. A tiny bit more thermal energy is released during the heating of the front portion.

Installing flat radiators in centralized networks is not recommended; they work best in closed heating systems. Low pressure coolants are compatible with these devices.

The design and purpose of the plate radiators

Any type of radiator can be chosen, purchased, and installed, but it will be ineffective if the building or room is not insulated. Plate radiators function best when combined with thermal insulation. Furthermore, the radiator’s efficacy does not depend on the coolant’s high temperature—it is injected into the air through tubes and plates—and on maintaining a steady, comfortable temperature in the space over time. Because the temperature won’t be too high and the plates are protected from burns by a metal casing, you cannot be burned by properly resolving the surface issue with these heating batteries.

Plate heating radiators are a constructive variation of convectors with a difference in the quantity of tubes and plates (less tubes, more plates – more), if you take a fundamental approach to the problem.

Device for interior plate radiators

Similar to panel sample radiators, there is a classification for plate devices based on the quantity of heat exchangers and panels (plates), which are manufactured using point welding and hot stamping. Heat is transferred not only from the plate surfaces but also from the tubes and connecting seams and joints throughout the device as a result of the dense connection. The devices are labeled as follows: a radiator is designated as class "11" if it has a single panel (plate on the case) and a single heat exchanger. Two tubes and three plates—the "32" class and t.D.

If you want to buy and install a new radiator in a store or replace the old one, then complete with a new model you will receive an installation set and instructions for assembly and mount. Depending on the design of the device, its connection can be threaded or welded, which depends on the input and output device of the coolant. In addition, it will require the connection of the crane of Maevsky and the thermostat or two separate devices – the crane of the Maevsky and a separate thermostat itself. The thermostatic valve is not necessary at all, but it will automatically adjust the temperature in a separate room by limiting the flow of the coolant into the radiator coil. The latest models of plate batteries are often equipped with built -in thermostats and cranes.

Thermostatic plane heating radiators

• Steel are the most common, and at the same time the most affordable. Differ in simplicity of design, reliability and durability, but at the same time they have not the best heat transfer.
• Copper – much more rare and expensive. Copper is practically not subjected to corrosion, tolerates hydraulic effects well, is characterized by high thermal conductivity. In addition, copper products look very attractive, because experts advise installing them in perforated corps or behind bars.
• Bimetallic – include steel or copper pipes and aluminum heat exchangers. Due to the use of aluminum, an increase in heat transfer in steel models is achieved, and a decrease in the cost of products based on copper contours.

• One -pipe – are a “package” from one pipe and one set of heat exchange plates.
• Multi -pipe – equipped with a collector, which distributes the coolant through several contours.

• Side connection – when installing with our own hands, we will have to use special fittings that allow you to connect pipes to the fittings installed on the side surface.
• Lower connection – fittings are located on the lower plane, which facilitates the process of joining with pipe wiring.

• Hinged – installed on the wall. The instruction recommends using a special fasteners that allows you to fix the heat exchangers at a certain distance from the supporting surface.
• Built -in – most often installed in a niche in the floor. The case is located either directly at the floor, or on a special heat -insulating stand.

Types of flat panels

The type 10 and type 11 panels are the thinnest radiators available on the market. Fundamentally, the type is a numerical abbreviation that encodes the device’s design. The number of radiator panels is indicated by the first type of type, and the number of rows and presence (if "0" is used) of convection ribs are reported by the second digit.

One of the thinnest convection-free single-panel radiators is Type 10.

Type 11: a single flat panel radiator with one convection sheet close by.

The table compares the characteristics of types 10 and 11 thin heating radiators.

Type of device	Photo	Peculiarities	Width, mm
Type 10		Flat single-panel radiators without convection do not raise dust and easy to maintain, therefore are most often used in rooms with increased sanitary and hygienic requirements: in medical institutions, children"s preschool and educational institutions, food manufacturers and drugs and drugs.	46-50
Type 11		Flat single-panel radiators with one convection row, due to which heaters have heat transfer 5-10% higher than their single-panel analogue without convection. The presence of convection leads to the movement of air and, accordingly, dust, so this type of instrument requires more frequent and thorough care of the surface, otherwise their advantage over heaters of type 10 will be lost.	61-64

Certain bimetallic models can also be classified as thin ones; one such model is the Oasis BM 500/80, which has an 80 mm thickness. Although bimetallic heating devices are more costly than other options, they offer superior heat transfer and a higher maximum allowable working pressure. They can be used if preliminary heat transfer calculations show that even the largest steel radiators won’t be sufficient to heat the space.

Oil electric heaters

There are two types of oil heaters available on the market: panel and sectional. We would like to modify a flat panel with the option to add wall or floor space.

This heating device is different from other batteries in that mineral oil is used as a coolant instead of water. This solution has a unique advantage because oil cools more slowly than water and releases heat more slowly as a result.

The following benefits set apart panel oil radiators:

• Small energy consumption, in comparison with spiral electric heaters.
• Does not dry air and, as a result, comfortable living conditions in the room.
• Low temperature of the heated surface and, as a result, the absence of a threat of burning a burn during careless touch.
• A wide range of heaters presented on sale and, as a result, the possibility of choosing a device with suitable dimensions.
• Affordable price.
• Relatively small weight and, as a result, the possibility of installation on any walls.
• Simple installation instructions, and therefore it is possible to perform installation with your own hands.

It’s important to note that because these heaters don’t require heating systems, they can be installed in both country homes and apartments used for temporary stays.

Wall electric convector

It is impossible to list flat-thin heating radiators without mentioning electric heating convectors. Additionally, a variety of modifications that differ in terms of cost, dimensions, power usage, heating element design, etc., are offered for sale with these devices.

This device uses heating elements, as opposed to a traditional radiator, which circulates coolant. The heat is transferred to the metal plates, which then release it through the upper cracks in the protective casing.

The device can heat the room rapidly during air convection. Although this type of heating equipment can be used anywhere, it is still the ideal option for cottages where habitation is sporadic.

Thus, we determined the primary types of flat heating appliances that can be used in a country home or an apartment. Finally, we go over the characteristics of the panel heating radiator selection in more detail with regard to a particular dwelling.

Cast iron sectional radiators

Our countryman made the initial advancements in cast iron batteries nearly 150 years ago. The Americans completed the design and obtained a patent a few years later. The introduction of central heating systems led to the rise in popularity of radiators, which were first produced in large quantities during the industrial revolution.

MS 140 is the brand of batteries that were used in the USSR and are still found in many homes today. The power provided by one section is "140." The battery’s working pressure is 9 atmospheres, while its test pressure is 18 atmospheres. Section count ranges from 4 to 10.

Cast-iron radiators are becoming more and more popular these days because of advancements in their design and construction.

This type of battery has about the same number of benefits and drawbacks.

• Long service life (more than 50 years);
• Affordable price;
• Resistance to mechanical damage;
• Corrosion resistance;
• High abrasive wear. Pebbles and sand in the water do not cause much harm to the battery;
• Heating efficiency with the maximum number of sections.
• Large weight and bulky;
• The possibility of depressurization of joints;
• Accumulation of rust inside with prolonged use;
• An unpresentable appearance;
• The difficulty in embedding radiators into autonomous heating systems, the inability to save on a coolant;
• Difficulties in cleaning.

Cast iron radiators in a modern style

The radiator type that is the oldest. These radiators stand out for their neat design, flat facade, and forms that are simple yet severe. They stay warm for a considerable amount of time, but all the drawbacks of central heating are retained. They are affordable, long-lasting, and 50 years old. As a result, when selecting heating radiator types, many people stop at cast-iron.

Manufacturers: affordable cast iron radiators are made in Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian factories. However, foreign goods will be of higher quality and have a more sympathetic appearance. Take note of Konner, Viadrus, Demirdöküm, Roca as the company.

Retro style radiators

These radiators are all miniature works of art. After all, cast-iron art casting makes a stunning decoration for any space. Sadly, the cost of each of these batteries is very high.

Manufacturers: these are businesses from China, Turkey, Germany, France, and England. For instance, Roca and Konner create exquisite models.

• They are able to work for at least 50 years.
• Cast iron is chemically passive, so corrosion is "too tough".
• Radiation radiation warms up well with high ceilings.
• When the heating is turned off, the batteries remain hot for a long time.
• Low price (except for models made by artistic casting).

• Long warm -up.
• Great weight and dimensions cause difficulties in transporting and installation.
• Radiators need a solid mount.
• Large volume of the coolant.
• Cast iron – fragile metal. Hydrodar is able to break the cast -iron battery.

• Pressure (working)-9-12 bar.
• Thermal power (1 section)-100-160 watts.
• Hot water temperature (maximum) – 110 degrees.

Aluminum heating radiators

As implied by the name, these radiators are entirely composed of aluminum. Radiators come in two varieties: cast and extrusion. Due to pressure and corrosion, which are brought on by low-quality coolant in central heating systems, both of them work best when used for autonomous heating.

Little radiators

Radiators manufactured using the pressure method are distinguished by their robust, thick walls and wide hot water channels.

The radiator is composed of multiple sections that can be added or removed as needed.

Extrusion radiators

This less expensive production method involves extruding the vertical battery parts from the aluminum alloy using an extruder. The collector is made of silicon. It is not possible to alter the entire product—parts cannot be added or removed. This is the primary drawback of these radiators.

Manufacturers: the majority of these businesses are Italian. You can contact Fondital, Sira Group (Rovall batteries), Aluwork, and Faral Green HP in particular.

• These radiators are very light, so they are simply mounted, without requiring the use of strong brackets.
• On heat transfer, they occupy one of the first places among all heating devices.
• They are able to heat the room very quickly.
• They are economical and can be equipped with a temperature regulator.
• The design of products is modern and attractive.

Also see: Thermal power: determination and efficiency of heatwork, heating calculation and formulas, and suggestions

• The service life is not very large – about 15 years.
• Aluminum is active in chemically, therefore it suffers from corrosion and requires high -quality coolant.
• When air is displaced, hydrogen is formed.
• Weak convection.
• Processes between sections are possible.
• Hydraulic boards and pressure surges from aluminum are not able to withstand.

• Pressure (working)-an average of 6-16 bar.
• Thermal power (1 section)-82-212 watts.
• Hot water temperature (maximum) – 110 degrees.
• pH water-7-8.

Flat steel radiators: Technical characteristics

The most widely used gadget in Europe right now is the steel heating radiator flat. Compactness provides an explanation for its wide application. The technical features of steel heating radiators are astounding, and they can also be adjusted to automated heating systems.

Steel plate heating radiators can operate in one, two, or three rows. They are also provided with convective nuts.

Technical indicators: a maximum pressure of 10 bar and a maximum temperature of 140 °C are indicated. Pipe and two-pipe schemes both have steel radiators installed. Manufacturers utilize cold-rolled steel, which varies in strength and corrosion resistance, to create steel flat heating radiators.

Panel steel radiators

These radiators, which go by the name convectors, have an efficiency of up to 75%. One or more steel convectors and heating panels are located inside the radiators.

Since panel radiators are the most affordable option for your own house, they are also the most popular choice for independent heat supply systems. The following types of water heating radiators of the panel structure are distinguished based on the number of heating panels and convection nutrition: 10, 11, 20, 21, 22, 30, 33.

Manufacturers: Germany (Buderus and Kermi), Czech Republic (Korado), Italy (Delonghi), Finland (Purmo) are the main European countries that produce these goods. Russian manufacturers are not well-represented in this market because of their low prices.

• Inertia – low, heat return – excellent.
• The volume of the coolant is small, energy consumption is small.
• These radiators are environmentally friendly and harmless, therefore they can be used in hospitals, schools and kindergartens.
• Extremely low price.

• If water is drained from the heating system, then when oxygen is in contact with the walls of the radiator, corrosion begins to form.
• High water boards are dangerous for steel radiators. Therefore, in multi -storey buildings, they cannot be used.
• Due to convection, drafts and lifting fine dust are possible.

Tubular steel radiators

The radiator’s design consists of steel pipes that carry hot water. Such devices are more expensive to produce than panels, which drives up their cost.

There are a ton of design possibilities; the designer’s imagination will be truly spoiled.

Germany is referred to as (Kermi, Charleston, Zehnder Charleston, Arbonia) and Italy as (Israp Tesi) among the European manufacturing nations. The KZTO (Kimra) plant produces domestic devices that can distinguish operating pressure up to 15 bar. Moreover, a polymer coating keeps the "RS" and "Harmony" models safe from corrosion.

Pros and cons: Like panels, these radiators have benefits that come with being made of steel as well as drawbacks. But under pressure, their price is much higher (a negative) and their indicators are better (a plus).

• Pressure (working)-an average of 6-10 bar (for panel radiators) and 8-15 bar (for tubular radiators).
• Thermal power (total)-1200-1600 watts.
• Hot water temperature (maximum)-110-120 degrees.
• water pH-8.3-9.5.

Features of production

When discussing flat models, the radiator’s depth is typically taken into consideration rather than its surface relief. However, since all batteries are frequently placed under this category, which has a shallower depth than a typical cast-iron product, the term "flat" can also mean different things.

Steel panel heaters are almost exclusively related to this kind of equipment. No, in theory, an aluminum structure and a flat oil radiator are both possible, but steel currently holds the majority of the market share in this sector.

These radiators are made with a combination of technologies:

• The basis of the product is a steel stamped sheet, which is subjected to mechanical processing and forms the internal circuit circuit circuit.
• Due to the stamping, a profile is formed, which ensures an increase in the area of heat transfer.
• To increase the efficiency of work to the main sheet, trapezoid convection ribs are sometimes welded. When passing through the ribs, the air is heated, and then distributed through the room. (Cm. Also article repair of heating pipes: Features .)

All of these processes culminate in a flat steel radiator with reasonably good heat transfer and compact dimensions. Naturally, based on this parameter, it will yield to full-sized models; however, if form is what matters to us, then you will have to make accommodations for some heat loss.

Advantages and disadvantages

The numerous benefits that come with this kind of battery account for the high demand for flat heating radiators among users:

1. Outwardly flat radiators are very attractive. The design is quite simple, but neat, so such batteries will be an excellent element of any interior.
   If you think that such a device is not suitable for your interior, then you can always resort to the method of masking the radiator behind a decorative screen. However, there is also a small nuance, t.To. The heat transfer of the radiator will decrease by 20-30 %.
2. Allow you to save space in the room, there will be no difficulties with the placement of such devices, t.To. They are very compact.
3. They weigh a little, so their installation will not take much time and effort, in addition, installation can be carried out with your own hand, without resorting to outside help.
4. Due to the small thickness of the device, much less dust is collected on such radiators than other types. And this means that cleaning flat batteries will need to be done much less often.

The drawbacks of using a flat radiator

1. Relatively low thermal recoil.
2. High price. But there are a large number of different models of different price categories on the market, so it will not be difficult to choose an option by pocket.

Advantages and disadvantages

The benefits of flat radiators are as follows:

• Modern design, attractive performance. The technique is able to supplement most of the interior areas, if you want to mask the device, you can use a special decorative screen;
• Devices do not need specific care, it is enough to wipe them with a damp cloth from time to time;
• Radiators are delivered in such a configuration so that there is no need for additional expenses;
• Technical characteristics contribute to the savings of the coolant;
• The compact device can be hidden in a niche or opening;
• the possibility of installation with your own hands;
• batteries heating the room qualitatively.

• the need for precise compliance with the operating conditions recommended by the manufacturer, the vulnerability of steel models before corrosion;
• Inappropriateness to hydraulic boards. To ensure safe use, you need to introduce pressure reducer into the system or its analogue.

The relative fragility of the technique is another major drawback, so it’s critical to plan efficient product transportation.

Is it worth buying plate heating devices?

When a buyer is presented with the opportunity to consider a heating device as unpopular as a plate radiator, he is posed with an identical question. The advantages listed below are in his favor:

The advantages listed below are in his favor:

• simplicity of design;
• low purchase cost and inexpensive service;
• durability with proper use;
• High speed heating.

The equipment’s performance and durability are positively impacted by its ability to withstand pressure up to 20 atm when steel is used as the structural material, as demonstrated by practice. Furthermore, the high coolant temperature (above 120 °C) won’t be harmed by the plate radiator.

If the old-style heating system’s lamellar radiators were ugly, then the designs of the contemporary equipment models are intriguing. This will be useful when designing the room’s interior. The fact that these radiators are no longer concealed behind the panels decreases their effectiveness. They serve as a type of room décor.

• The heating of the room only due to convection. However, the effectiveness of the device can be increased by equipping it with a fan;
• With a decrease in the temperature of the coolant, the efficiency of the equipment drops. The air temperature in the room drops sharply;
• The dust between the plates accumulates.

Operation requirements

Steel objects should only be utilized in enclosed spaces where they won’t be exposed to dangerous corrosion or develop moisture on their surface. For instance, steel equipment should not be installed in car washes, restrooms, laundry rooms, baths, hallways, or refrigerators. For the same reason, if the space does not warm up, they cannot be installed in homes during the first year following construction completion or during modernization.

Flat radiators can be used in single-pipe or two-pipe heating systems. Water or a specific glycolic mixture can be used as a coolant in pipes made of steel, copper, or plastic. To prevent oxygen diffusion—air entering the heating system and causing corrosion processes—polypropylene pipes should be reinforced with an entire layer of aluminum. They should also be used with metal fittings and reinforcement.

For systems that have membrane expansion tanks, flat heating batteries can be installed. Here, tanks are required to prevent air from penetrating the heating system. The membrane of these tanks is composed of the substance "butyl."

Additionally, in small open systems with forced circulation and low thermal power, the assembly of thin radiators is permitted as long as approved corrosion inhibitors are employed. Please be aware that adequate heat transfer cannot be guaranteed in systems where the coolant circulates naturally, hence flat heaters are not recommended in these situations.

Radiators cannot be installed in systems with maximum working pressures greater than 9–10 bar or operating temperatures greater than 110–120 °C. When examining the system’s tightness, the pressure shouldn’t go above 12–13 bar. These values, which are typical of the most well-known manufacturers’ devices; The equipment documentation has more precise information.

Water of the right quality must be added to and filled in installations with steel radiators. Manufacturers have different requirements when it comes to the characterization of water, but generally speaking, these are as follows:

• The total content of chloride ions and sulfate ions is not higher than 150 mg/l (for copper pipes-not higher than 50 mg/l),
• oxygen content is not higher than 0.1 mg/l,
• pH of water within 7.0 ÷ 10.0,
• Water hardness is not higher than 4.0.

With the exception of malfunctions, draining the water from the heating system is unacceptable. Water should only be removed from the area that will be repaired if absolutely necessary, as might be the case during maintenance. As soon as the system is finished, water needs to be added.

The heating system’s yearly water losses shouldn’t be more than 5% for closed systems and 10% for open systems.

Cleaning solutions that don’t contain solvents, acids, or other materials that can harm paintwork and lead to corrosion should be used to take care of flat heating batteries.

Choosing the installation site

The right side is where this addition is usually found, but for the client’s convenience, if a special order is received, it is reflected in the mirror.

You can choose the thin horizontal heating batteries made by various manufacturers to give the space a more appealing appearance. They may have a valve liner and are outfitted with an integrated heating system in the middle. In the event that a built-in kit is present, these items can be linked to the heating system via the lower section after the pipes have been concealed within the wall.

The design of the room, the type of heating system in the house, and the cost of a complete set for installation of the device are some of the most crucial factors to consider when selecting flat heating radiators to decorate and warm the space.

The most common and unremarkable type of heating system is one where the pipes are either carefully concealed within the wall or run along it. She has led to the creation of flat heating batteries with a side connection. Different techniques can be used to connect flat batteries. Selecting the battery with the connection from below is required if the heating pipes are supported by the floor.

Installation

The best use cases for flat heating radiators are enclosed spaces. It is necessary to have an expansion tank.

The following steps make up the heating process:

1. The pump affects the coolant, it, in turn, begins to circulate through the pipeline.
2. Then it passes through the valve.
3. At the next stage, he finds himself in the radiator.
4. After moving along the re -ground.
5. Moves to the opposite pipeline until it gets to an expansion tank with a membrane.

Plate radiators can be connected to the heating system from any side because they typically have four connecting pipes.

If you choose to install flat radiators for an open heating system, keep in mind that they won’t last very long because they can’t withstand corrosion processes.

How to choose flat heating radiators

While selecting a radiator, appearance is undoubtedly significant but not decisive. It is important to consider the technical parameters first. Regardless of the kind, the device’s primary purpose is to heat the space. The last item on the list should also be the price as a defining characteristic. When it comes to radiators, the intricate design, the caliber of the paint job, and, of course, the features of the heating apparatus are what typically stand out rather than the manufacturer’s margin or aesthetic value.

Side or lower connection

A type 10 steel panel radiator with a lower connection is among the thinnest.

More expensive thin heating radiators with a lower connection have an internal water channel that goes to the radiator’s upper section and an integrated radiator valve. You can blend pipes and connecting reinforcement into the floor by using a lower direct connection for radiators with a lower supply. Make sure the pipes are installed appropriately when installing the heating system to avoid confusing the terms "feed" and "return." Heat losses from devices when connected lower range from 10–12%, and from an incorrect connection, up to 22%.

There are universal radiators with four fittings at the corners and a side and lower connection. The deflector screws into the upper free, and the plug (steel panel radiators are typically sold into the bottom, which includes installation brackets, the deflector, and the plug in addition to the device itself) are used to connect the two of them.

The most widely used method for joining the panels to the pipes concealed in the wall is side unilateral connection. There will be roughly 3% power losses during this connection, and up to 22% if the connection is made incorrectly.

Usually, very long radiators are connected using the lateral diagonal connection. With this installation, there is no heat loss and a consistent temperature distribution across the heater’s entire surface. Changes to the "feed" and "return" locations will result in a 20% reduction in heat loss.

Included in every radiator-to-system connection should be the following components:

• supply radiator valve;
• shut -off valve installed on the reverse line;
• manual or automatic air vent.

Dimensions and interdosseous distance

The type of pipes, the size of the thread at the ends of the radiator connection, the need to align the interdosseary distances, and the fact that the connection pipes are directly across from the radiator pipes must all be considered when selecting connecting elements. The radiator’s name usually includes the center distance; for instance, Axis Classic 11 500 specifies the center distance in millimeters, or 500. The thread’s diameter is typically ½, but occasionally ¾ can be found, so proceed with caution.

The flat heating battery, intended for wall mounting beneath the window, ought to measure between seventy and eighty percent of the window opening’s width. The device’s upper boundary should be between 100 and 120 mm from the windowsill, and its lower boundary should be at least 100 mm from the "finished" floor.

Choice recommendations

Given that there was no particular selection of radiators available in the past (most people had traditional cast-iron radiators), there is currently a wide variety of products available on the radiator market. Since my heating system is closed and built inside a house, I had no idea where to turn around when selecting a radiator.

He did not lose by drawing attention to bimetallic radiators, as advised by seasoned installers. I haven’t bothered painting the cast iron for a number of years because the radiators work flawlessly and the house is consistently comfortable no matter the outside temperature.

Installing the deeper coolant cleaning system was the only additional step I needed to take to protect the radiators from deposits.

I would not at home and I do not advise anyone to install an aluminum or bimetallic radiator in his apartment. Bimetall in those regions where serious problems with water treatment – such a battery will have to be changed after one heating season. Aluminum and bimetall – gather in a manual master and the quality of the assembly depends on human professionalism. Steel, for example, gather in completely robotic factories. The Austrian radiators, to everything else – insurance against damage for 1 million. and the guarantee for the entire device, but not a section like bimetall and aluminum. With it, you can block the entire window opening, providing an even stream of heated air on the window. This allows you to exclude the formation of cold air flows, on frosty days.

Because of its higher working pressure characteristics, bimetallic materials can be installed fearlessly in high-rise buildings, where the pressure typically stays below 6 atm. Bimetallic radiators have a working pressure of 10 atm, and some can withstand up to 16 atm. It’s best to start with a slightly marketed brand because the first order is usually filled correctly.

"Steel radiators do not withstand hydrouches and increased to 25 pressure atmospheres, so it is better not to use them in heating systems of city apartments," reads the section of the article about steel radiators.The best qualities of heating devices made of steel and aluminum were combined to create the bimetallic radiator, according to the section of the article on the subject. resistance to pressure drops (withstands up to 40–50 atmospheres) "that he took from steel. Where is the veracity?

The steel radiator for "German" technology has served a little more than 10 years. At one point, a stream of needle thickness appeared at the site of spot welding. For the battery this is not a period. Soviet cast-iron batteries last half the age and longer. Now I"m puzzling what to buy. The quality of modern technology is deliberately spoiled. Buy a cat in a bag.

Best famous manufacturers and models

The popularity of these devices has led to a large number of manufacturers entering the steel radiator market.

Kermi FKO 10 500

Leading the way in the Russian heating market is the German company Kermi. The "German" quality and large selection of radiators—actually, any size—helped her establish and maintain her position. One of the company’s best coloring techniques, called KEF, has been introduced. It renders the devices immune to corrosion and completely eliminates the release of hazardous materials at high temperatures.

The FKO 10 500 is a side-connected panel steel radiator that lacks convection. Heat transfer is 278–2088 W, depending on the length of the device, with a heated area of 2.6-20.7 m2 and a coolant volume of 1.2–9.09 liters. The weight range is 4 to 30 kg, and the length range is 400-3000 mm with a 46 mm depth. The radiator’s most popular reviews are that it’s reliable, affordable, and provides good warmth.

446 mm is the center distance. The maximum operating pressure is 10 bar, and the assessment is 13 bar. The operating temperature should not be higher than 110 °C.

ZEHNDER

A German manufacturer offers rulers with non-standard sizes, shapes, and source materials in addition to the traditional versions. It is common to find models with painted front panels and printed mirrors under wood and stone decorations. There are devices that are both vertical and horizontal, with angular and radius execution.

Convective lamellas are integrated into the batteries of the Plano series, which features a minimalistic design. The Nova Mirror is an ultramodern flat product that is perfect for narrow spaces because of its built-in mirror and tiny depth.

Buderus Logatrend K-Profil 11 500

In 2014, Buderus constructed a plant in Russia that produces steel radiators among other things. The brand’s products are appealing in the home market because of their excellent welding and coloring, thermostat, and reasonably priced localization. Due to the high likelihood of depressurization in a hydraulic jacket, their indicator of maximum pressure of 8.7 bar is not suitable for the central heating system, which is why buyers from the private sector are the ones most interested in their products.

The Logatrend K-Profil 11 500 is a steel panel radiator featuring side connection and convection. The device has a heat transfer of 474–2443 W, a heated area of 5.24–26.21 m2, and a coolant volume of 1.12–5.6 liters, depending on its length. The device has a length range of 400-2000 mm, a depth of 72 mm, and a weight range of 6.35-27.41 kg. The most popular evaluation for this radiator states that the quality is in line with the stated cost.

There is a 450 mm center of mass. The maximum operating pressure is 8.7 bar, and the assessment is 13.5 bar. The operating temperature should not be higher than 120 °C.

Royal Thermo Hygiene 10

The British business Royal Thermo constructed a bimetallic and aluminum radiator plant in Russia in 2014. She started producing steel panel radiators in the same year that she implemented 8.9 million sections. In the context of the Russian market, Royal Thermo presents itself as a producer of radiators. They have created a dual instrument coloring system that, when combined with the stiffness and pH of water—which is most frequently used in Russia—offers further protection against corrosion. The price range is more expensive than usual.

The HYGIENE 10 panel steel radiator has a side connection and operates without convection. Heat transfer is 287–2717 W, depending on the length of the device, with a heated area of 2.9–27.2 m2 and a coolant volume of 0.7-9.2 liters. The device weighs between 2.6 and 36.8 kg and measures between 300 and 900 mm in height and 45 and 50 mm in depth. The most popular review for this radiator is that it warms well and is reasonably priced.

A distance of 250–850 mm is the center. The maximum operating pressure is 9 bar, and the assessment is 13 bar. The operating temperature should not be higher than 110 °C.

Axis Classic 11 500

LLC "LEMAX" was established in Russia in 1992. 2018 saw the start of steel radiator production. The company sells middle-of-the-road devices that can operate at up to 9 bar for closed water heating systems. Due to efficient heat transfer and a small coolant volume, their equipment can react quickly in automatic mode to temperature changes in the room.

Panel steel radiator with side connection and convection, Axis Classic 11 500. Heat transfer is 481–2475 watts, with a coolant volume of 1.12–5.6 liters and a heated area of 5–26.4 m2, depending on the length of the device. The device width is 62 mm, the length range is 400-2000 mm, and the weight range is 6.36-28 kg. The most popular evaluation of this radiator is that it’s excellent value for the money.

449 mm is the center distance. The maximum operating pressure is 9 bar, and the assessment is 13.5 bar. The operating temperature should not be higher than 120 °C.

Prado Classic 10

In 1959, Niti Progress OJSC was established in Russia. The Prado panel radiators were opened in 2005. Radiators of the classic style are intended for closed systems. The flat device is 61 mm wide, so it is not noticeable beneath the windowsill. Customers find it appealing due to the low cost and small coolant volume.

The Prado Classic 10 is a side-connection panel steel radiator without convection. Heat transfer is between 210 and 2285 W, depending on the length of the device. It has a heated area of 2.10 to 22 m2 and a coolant volume of 0.75 liters. The device has dimensions of 300–500 mm in height, 400–2800 mm in length, 61–72 mm in depth, and 2.95–30.2 kg in weight. Most reviews for this radiator say that it is reasonably priced, has nice paint work, and heats well, but has a controversial design with sharp corners.

A distance of 250–450 mm is the center. The maximum operating pressure is 9 bar, and the assessment is 13 bar. The operating temperature should not be higher than 120 °C.

How to connect the radiator correctly

To attach the battery to the heating system, follow the following recommendations:

• Determine the type of device used. Plastic devices are produced with a crane and a valve liner with a thermostat. Using these parts, you can automatically adjust the water temperature in the system, as well as air heating in the room.
• Some radiators are made with mechanisms for connecting to the system under the floor surface or installed in the walls of the dwelling.
• Connect the equipment according to the appropriate scheme. There are two main connection options – side or lower. In the first case, it is more convenient to attach the device to a vertical riser, while in the case of horizontal wiring you will have to use special fittings. The lower location of the fittings involves the reverse method of connection – to a horizontal riser or to vertical through fittings.
• Since steel has high inertiality, forced water circulation using the pump should occur in the system. Thus, heat transfer will occur more efficiently and faster.
• It is undesirable to install steel heating devices in open systems due to oxygen water saturation. Such installation can lead to the development of corrosion processes, which will lead to rapid wear of equipment. The increased acidity of the coolant gradually destroys the serpentine, so an unscheduled repair of the device may be required.
• In the absence of alternatives for the installation of the circuit in the open system, it is necessary to protect the elements with an antidiffusion barrier. It will prevent air access to pipes, therefore, the acidity of the water will remain at a low level.

Regarding home insulation and heating, flat heating radiators are a well-liked option with some benefits and disadvantages to weigh. These stylish appliances effectively disperse heat throughout a room, guaranteeing warmth in the winter. With options for floor-mounted or wall-mounted models, their installation is comparatively simple and gives homeowners flexibility. Like any system, flat radiators have drawbacks as well. For example, their heat output is less than that of conventional radiators. For quality and longevity, choosing the correct manufacturer is also essential. Homeowners can improve comfort and energy efficiency by incorporating flat heating radiators into their buildings by carefully considering these factors.

Reviews of thin panel heating devices

Advantages	Flaws
Saving space in the room due to a small width	Are at risk of destruction in places of welds due
A small volume of the coolant and, as a result, the high inertia and functionality of the system	The deformation of the panels during operation or installation can lead to obstruction of the channels for the coolant, thereby disable the radiator
Due to radiation by means of radiation, type 10 panels do not dry air and dust masses do not tolerate	Reduced efficiency and relatively small thermal power
Installation of devices is extremely simple and understandable (nevertheless, it is better to contact specialists).	High probability of corrosion in case of improper operation
Wide selection of panels in geometric parameters and heat transfer	It is strictly not recommended to drain the coolant, as this can accelerate the process of corrosion formation
The ability to choose heaters for any construction project, based on the necessary method of connecting
Less traumatic due to their form

Practical and organizational conclusions

Plate devices work on the same principle as water heaters: warm air currents cause the temperature in the room to rise and stay there.

1. The reliability and strength of steel radiators is much higher than that of devices from other alloys and metals, so they are recommended for work in the central heating system.
2. Copper radiators are not destroyed from corrosion, but in systems with high pressure it is better not to install them. Another drawback is high price.
3. Aluminum radiators are cheaper than all, have excellent heat transfer, but a weak mechanically case, which also quickly corrosions in an acidic medium.

Plate heating devices can be mounted directly on the floor, integrated into the floor, or hung from the room’s wall because the connection is made through the side or lower fittings. You are able to customize the device’s design and technical specifications for each unique instance.

Aspect	Details
Pros	Provide efficient heat distribution, quick warm-up time, customizable temperature control.
Cons	Can be bulky and obstructive, may require professional installation, can accumulate dust.
Installation	Typically mounted beneath windows for optimal heat distribution, requires proper sizing and positioning for effectiveness.
Manufacturers	Options include well-known brands like Honeywell, Bosch, and Runtal, each offering various models and features.

The space-saving design and effective heat distribution of flat heating radiators are just two of their many benefits. They don’t take up much room and look great in contemporary interiors thanks to their streamlined profile. These radiators also ensure comfort in the winter months by distributing even warmth throughout the space.

Flat radiators are a convenient option for homeowners wishing to upgrade their heating system because they are relatively easy to install. These radiators can blend in perfectly with a variety of architectural designs and room configurations, whether they are installed in the floor or mounted on the wall. Manufacturers frequently offer comprehensive installation guidelines, which makes the procedure even simpler.

Examining the products and services offered by different manufacturers is crucial when thinking about flat radiators. It’s important to research reliable manufacturers because quality and durability can differ significantly between brands. Homeowners can guarantee their heating system performs well for many years to come by choosing reputable brands that are renowned for their dependability and performance.

Flat radiators have benefits, but there are also some disadvantages to take into account. Their smaller surface area than that of conventional radiators raises some possible concerns as it might marginally reduce the amount of heat they produce. Furthermore, the cost of installation may differ based on elements like the room’s dimensions and any adjustments required to make room for the radiators.

To sum up, homeowners looking for cost-effective and compact heating options may find flat heating radiators to be a compelling choice. They present a strong option for contemporary homes thanks to their streamlined design, simplicity of installation, and reliable manufacturers. But before choosing a heating system, it’s critical to consider both the advantages and disadvantages to make sure the system suits the household’s needs and preferences.

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