Ejector for pumping station: scheme, self-made device, connection

Maintaining comfort and lowering energy expenses in your home requires effective insulation and heating. The pumping station is a crucial part of this process since it keeps the hot water flowing throughout the house. This article delves into the function of ejectors in pumping stations, including their schematics, DIY methods, and efficient connections.

Gaining an understanding of the pumping station ejector’s schematic is essential to understanding how it operates. An ejector essentially works on the basis of fluid dynamics, drawing in the fluid to be pumped by creating a vacuum through the Venturi effect. The clever mechanism of the ejector allows it to propel liquids effectively without requiring any moving parts, which makes it a dependable and economical solution for pumping stations.

Even though commercial ejectors are widely accessible, building your own can provide flexibility and customization options. You’ll need access to the right materials and a basic understanding of plumbing to build your own ejector. With a well-thought-out plan and some common tools, homeowners can build a functional ejector that fits their needs and budget.

For best results, make sure the ejector and pumping station are connected correctly. A well-installed system guarantees effective fluid flow and guards against malfunctions or leaks. To guarantee the safe and efficient integration of the ejector into the heating system, homeowners should closely adhere to the manufacturer’s instructions or consult experts.

In conclusion, homeowners looking to increase the effectiveness of their insulation and heating systems must comprehend the function of ejectors in pumping stations. To achieve optimal performance and maximize energy savings, proper connection and integration are essential, regardless of whether you choose to build your own device or purchase a commercial ejector.

Choice: built-in or external?

Make a distinction between built-in and remote ejectors based on the installation location. Although there aren’t many design differences between these devices, the installation and functionality of the pumping station are still somewhat influenced by the ejector’s location.

Thus, integrated ejectors are typically positioned within or adjacent to the pump casing. Because of this, installing the ejector requires little room and doesn’t interfere with the regular installation of the pump or the pumping station.

Furthermore, the ejector inside the casing is securely shielded from contamination. The pump casing is where the water is directly drawn back in using a vacuum. To prevent silt or sand particles from clogging the ejector, there is no need to install extra filters.

Although installing a remote ejector for a pumping station is more challenging than installing an internal model, the noise effect produced by this option is significantly less.

It should be kept in mind, though, that a model of this kind operates most efficiently at shallow depths—up to 10 meters. Pumps with built-in ejectors are ideal for these comparatively shallow sources because they offer a high head of incoming water.

These qualities therefore suffice to use water for irrigation and other household tasks in addition to household needs. An additional issue is the noise level, which has increased due to the sound of water flowing through the ejector and the vibration of the pump.

It will be necessary to take extra care with the noise insulation if the choice is made to install a pump with an integrated ejector. Installing pumps or pumping stations with an integrated ejector outside the home is advised, for example, in a separate structure or a well caisson.

A pump with an ejector needs a stronger electric motor than a comparable model without one.

The remote or external ejector is placed at a considerable distance from the pump—between 20 and 40 meters, with some experts even recommending a distance of 50 meters. This means that a remote ejector can be positioned right in the source of water, like in a well.

The external ejector is intended to raise the depth of water intake from the source, which can reach 20–45 meters, rather than significantly improving pump performance.

Naturally, the house’s occupants won’t be bothered by the ejector’s noise anymore, since it is situated deep below ground. To ensure that the water returns to the ejector, this kind of device needs to be connected to the system via a recirculation pipe.

The lengthier the pipe needs to be lowered into the well or borehole, the deeper the device installation must be installed.

It is preferable to account for the additional pipe in the borehole during the device’s design phase. It is also possible to install a separate storage tank from which water will be drawn for recirculation by connecting a remote ejector.

By reducing the load on the surface pump, such a tank helps to save some energy. Although the external ejector’s efficiency is marginally less than that of the pump-integrated models, this drawback can be offset by the opportunity to greatly increase the intake depth.

The pumping station does not have to be positioned next to the water source when using an external ejector. Installing it in a residential house’s basement is quite feasible. The pumping equipment will function as intended even if the distance to the source varies by 20 to 40 meters.

In what cases you need an ejector

Finding out why a pumping station with an ejector is required is a prerequisite to answering the question of what an ejector is. An ejector, also known as an ejector pump, is essentially a device that transfers the motion energy of one medium moving at a high speed to another medium. As a result, the ejector pumping station’s operating principle is founded on Bernoulli’s law: if one medium’s pressure is reduced in the pipeline’s narrowing cross-section, the other medium will be drawn into the resulting flow and moved away from the suction point.

It is common knowledge that the deeper a source is, the more difficult it is to raise water from it to the surface. If the source is typically deeper than seven meters, a standard surface pump is already barely functioning. Naturally, you could use a more productive submersible pump to solve this kind of issue, but it would be preferable to take a different approach and buy an ejector for a surface-type pumping station, which would greatly enhance the capabilities of the apparatus.

An external ejector ready to be submerged in the well

The liquid head in the main pipeline is increased by employing a pumping station with an ejector, which also makes use of the energy from the liquid medium’s fast flow via its own branch pipe. Generally speaking, ejectors are used in conjunction with jet-type pumps, such as liquid-mercury, vapor-mercury, water-jet, and vapor-oil pumps.

If you wish to expand the capacity of a surface pump station—whether it is planned or already installed—an ejector for the pumping station is particularly crucial. In these circumstances, you can raise the water intake depth from the reservoir to 20–40 meters by using the ejector unit.

Ejector for water suction

When discussing water extraction, an ejector for a water pump is typically used. The main idea is that an average water pump will have a lot of trouble operating if, upon well drilling, the water table is found to be lower than seven meters. Of course, you could purchase a submersible pump right away, but it would cost a lot more. An existing unit’s capacity can be increased with the help of the ejector.

It is important to note that this device has a fairly straightforward design. Making a homemade gadget is still a very doable endeavor. However, in order to do this, you will need to work on the ejector’s drawings. This straightforward device works on the basic principle of accelerating the flow of water, which increases the amount of liquid available per unit of time. Stated differently, the unit’s goal is to raise the water head.

Connection

When installing a system with an internal ejector, provided it is part of the pump’s design, the process is quite similar to that of an ejectorless pump. All that is required to control the system’s operation is to connect the well’s pipeline to the pump’s suction inlet and set up a pressure line with related hardware, such as an automation system and a hydroaccumulator.

For both systems with an external ejector and pumps with an internal ejector, where the ejector is mounted separately, two more steps are added:

• Install an additional recirculation pipe from the pump station pressure line to the ejector inlet. Connect the main pipe from it to the pump suction.
• A pipe with a non-return valve and a coarse filter for water intake from the well is connected to the ejector suction.

In the recirculation line, an adjustment valve is installed if needed. This is particularly helpful in cases where the well’s water level is significantly higher than what the pumping station is intended to handle. It is feasible to raise the pressure in the water supply system by decreasing the pressure inside the ejector. A built-in valve for this setting is already present in certain models. The equipment handbook details its location and adjustment procedure.

Start-up and further operation

It is recommended to start up the pumping station in the following way:

1. Pour water into the pump through a special opening.
2. Close the tap that carries the water from the pumping station to the water system.
3. Turn the pump on for approx. 10-20 seconds and immediately turn it off.
4. Open the tap and bleed some air from the system.
5. Repeat the cycle of short pump on/off cycles combined with bleeding until the pipes are filled with water.
6. Turn the pump back on.
7. Wait until the accumulator is filled and the pump switches off automatically.
8. Open any water tap.
9. Wait until the water drains out of the accumulator and the pump switches on automatically.

If water does not flow when the system is started with an ejector, it could be because air is getting into the pipes or because the initial water filling was done incorrectly. It makes sense to examine the check valve’s existence and state. The pipes will stay empty and the water will just pour out into the well if there is no voltage.

When using a pumping station with an ejector that is started after a lengthy storage period, these considerations should also be made. It is best to check the check valve, the integrity of the pipes, and the tightness of the connections right away.

Verify the voltage to the pump station if everything is in order and no water is entering. The pump just cannot operate at its maximum capacity if it is too low. Once the equipment’s power supply is established normally, the issue will go away.

You can use the above-discussed model of homemade ejector if the purpose of the ejector is to increase the head of water in the system rather than the water intake depth.

However, it is not required to be submerged in water; instead, it can be positioned in a handy location close to the surface pump. The ejector in this scenario will function similarly to the integrated industrial production model.

In this article, we"ll delve into the world of ejectors for pumping stations, exploring their basic scheme, how you can make one yourself, and how to connect it effectively. Ejectors play a vital role in pumping systems by using high-speed fluid to create suction and lift liquids or gases. Understanding the simple yet effective design of ejectors can empower homeowners to enhance their pumping stations without relying solely on complex machinery. We"ll break down the key components and assembly process for a DIY ejector, making it accessible for those looking to improve their home heating and insulation systems. Additionally, we"ll provide clear guidance on how to connect the ejector to your existing setup, ensuring efficient operation and optimal performance. Whether you"re a DIY enthusiast or a homeowner seeking cost-effective solutions, this article aims to demystify ejectors and offer practical insights for improving your house"s heating and insulation.

Types of ejectors by place of installation

It’s important to remember that ejectors can be external or built-in when choosing one for a pumping station. The location of installation is the only distinction between the two types of ejectors’ designs and principles of operation, which are essentially the same. Inline ejectors can be mounted adjacent to the pump or inside the pump casing. Numerous benefits set the built-in type ejector pump apart, and these should be acknowledged:

• minimum space required for installation;
• good protection of the ejector from contamination;
• no need to install additional filters protecting the ejector from insoluble inclusions contained in the pumped liquid.

Pump centrifugal with integrated ejector

But keep in mind that built-in ejectors work very well when pumping water from sources that are only a few meters deep—up to ten meters. Pumping stations with integrated ejectors also have a major drawback in that they make a lot of noise when they operate. For this reason, it is advised to place them in a separate room or inside the caisson of an aquifer well. Additionally, keep in mind that this kind of ejector device necessitates the use of a more potent electric motor to power the pumping unit itself.

As its name suggests, the remote (or external) ejector is placed at a specific distance from the pump, which can be as much as fifty meters. A recirculation pipe is typically used to connect remote type ejectors to the system after they have been installed directly in the well. A separate storage tank must be used in conjunction with a pumping station equipped with a remote ejector. To guarantee that there is always water available for recirculation, this tank is required. Additionally, having such a tank enables you to lower the energy needed for the pump to operate and lessen the load it has on the remote ejector.

Pump having an ejector outside of it

Although the efficiency of remote type ejectors is not as high as that of built-in devices, it is still possible to pump liquid medium from wells that are quite deep. Furthermore, if you build a pumping station with an external ejector, it must be mounted at a distance of 20 to 40 meters from the source of water intake rather than right next to the well. It is crucial that the pumping equipment’s considerable separation from the well will not have an impact on how effectively it operates.

Manufacturing of the ejector and its connection to the pumping equipment

After learning about the ejector’s function and its basic principles, you’ll see that you can assemble this easy-to-use gadget by hand. When an ejector can be bought easily and doesn’t require special handling, why make one by hand? The main goal is to save money. Finding the drawings you need to make this kind of device yourself is not difficult, and you won’t need expensive consumables or sophisticated machinery to manufacture it.

How would one construct an ejector and attach it to the pump? You must get ready the following accessories for this purpose:

• tee with internal thread;
• connector;
• couplings, elbows and other fittings.

Parts for a do-it-yourself ejector

The following algorithm is used in the manufacturing of the ejector.

1. A socket is screwed into the lower part of the tee, and it is done in such a way that the narrow spigot of the latter is inside the tee, but at the same time does not protrude from its back side. The distance from the end of the narrow spigot of the connector to the upper end of the tee should be about two to three millimeters. If the fitting is too long, the end of its narrow spigot is chiseled, if it is short, it is extended with a polymer tube.
2. In the upper part of the tee, which will be connected to the suction line of the pump, screw in an adapter with an external thread.
3. In the lower part of the tee with the already installed socket screw in the angle branch, which will be connected to the ejector recirculation pipe.
4. In the side spigot of the tee is also screwed into a branch in the form of an angle, to which the pipe supplying water from the well is connected by means of a collet clamp.
5. Self-made ejector assembled

Using FUM-tape ensures that every threaded connection made during the construction of a homemade ejector is airtight. To prevent the ejector from clogging, a check valve and a mesh filter should be installed on the pipe that will be used to draw water from the source. You can select products made of polyethylene or metal plastic for the pipes that connect the ejector to the pump and storage tank, allowing the system to recirculate water. For mounting in the second variant, special crimping elements are needed instead of collet clamps.

The homemade ejector is lowered into the well and the pipeline system is filled with water once all the necessary connections have been made. The pumping station can then be started up for the first time.

Handmade assembly of the ejector

Sanitary fittings, such as couplings, bends, and tees with internal threads, are readily available and can be used to create even the most basic ejector device.

The male threaded fitting is inserted into the lower part of an unequal bore tee, which is the main component. Make sure the fitting is installed so that it does not protrude more than 2-3 mm past the upper edge of the tee. If necessary, it is completed for this purpose by filing or extending with a polyethylene pipe. Since the nozzle will function as a nozzle, the rarefaction in the tee’s body and the water pressure at the outlet will determine how accurately it is installed.

To supply water to the system, an adapter is used to connect a polyethylene pipe to the upper portion of the tee. Apart from the socket, an outlet is fitted on the lower part’s thread to supply water for recirculation from the pump. The side branch of the tee fitting with a polyethylene pipe connected through the outlet is used for water intake from a well. Its diameter ought to be less than the fitting’s main passage.

Regarding the measurements, using a ¾" tee with a ¾" side connector and an internal connector with a diameter of 12 mm will be sufficient for the construction of an ejector that supplies water to a small house or summer cottage.

Procedure for connecting pipes

Pipes made of metal and plastic or polyethylene can be used to connect to other parts of the system. The pipe that connects to the side pipe that has a check valve and filter installed needs to be attached first and long enough to be submerged in the well.

To create a return flow, a recirculation pipe that is connected to the water tank and tapered is attached to the lower end of the unit.

The assembly of the homemade ejector installation is finished when the upper portion of the ejector is connected to the surface pump via the pipeline.

What to consider when connecting?

Regardless of whether the vacuum electric pump ejector is built-in or has a remote ejector, it must be installed according to all guidelines, which are found in the instructions specific to the device’s model.

For instance, the outlet pipe must come first in the installation of a check valve. It will stop the device from "idling." The water-drawing pipe needs to be positioned at least one meter below the surface. The well’s diameter shouldn’t be any smaller than 12 cm.

You can also install automation to complete the setup if you have invested in a costly ejector for the pump. It can greatly increase the lifespan of your unit and automate the system’s functioning.

Two more manipulations are used to mount the surface pump with external ejector and the pump with internal ejector:

1. A special gasket must be installed on the pipe for recirculation. It is stretched from the ejector to the pressure pipe. Then the ejector for the pump is connected to the suction opening of the equipment.
2. The pipe – water filter and the return cock should be similarly mounted to the ejector suction pipe.
   Connecting the ejector pump

An infusion tap is an additional feature of the recirculation system mentioned above, should it be required. If the well’s water level is significantly higher than what the apparatus is intended to handle, it is imperative.

By raising the pressure in the water supply system, the water head at the ejector can be changed. Even units with "fine" details for this parameter can be found. The unit’s documentation usually provides a detailed description of this.

Start-up and further operation

It is advised that the pumping station be turned on in accordance with the diagram below:

1. Pour water into the pump through the special opening.
2. Shut off the faucet that carries water from the pump station to the plumbing system.
3. Turn the pump on for about 10-20 seconds and immediately turn it off.
4. Open the tap and bleed some air from the system.
5. Repeat the cycle of short switching on/off of the pump in combination with venting until the pipes are filled with water.
6. Turn the pump back on.
7. Wait until the accumulator is full and the pump switches off automatically.
8. Open any water tap.
9. Wait until the water drains out of the accumulator and the pump switches on automatically.

Air may have somehow gotten into the pipes or the initial water filling may not have been done correctly if the system does not start up with the ejector. It is important to make sure the non-return valve is present and in good working order. The pipes will stay empty and the water will just pour out into the well in the absence of a pressure switch.

When using a pumping station with an ejector that has been idle for a while, these considerations should also be made. It is best to check the integrity of the pipes, the check valve, and the connections’ tightness as soon as possible.

Use a coarse mesh filter (+) to prevent contamination of the ejector’s lower connection, which is where the water is drawn.

If everything seems to be in order but the water is still not coming, you should check the voltage to the pumping station. The pump just cannot operate at its maximum capacity if it is too low. Once the equipment’s power supply is established normally, the issue will go away.

You can use the above-described model of homemade ejector if the purpose of the ejector is to increase the water head in the system rather than the water intake depth.

However, it is not required to be submerged in water; instead, it can be positioned in a handy location close to the surface pump. In this scenario, the ejector’s operation will be similar to that of the integrated industrial production model.

Features of the installation of the device

As was previously mentioned, since the ejector is already housed within the pump, installing it does not present any unique challenges. The water supply system and the water supply hose are the only connections made to the surface pump.

The pump is connected to the hydroaccumulator through a unique fitting with five outlets if it is a component of a pumping station. Furthermore, in order to guarantee automatic on/off switching, the pressure switch’s contacts must be connected to the pump.

This schematic depicts the steps involved in attaching the remote ejector to the pumping station and indicates the locations of all required installation points.

It is required to fill the surface pump with water using the designated filling hole before turning it on. Turning on such equipment without water could cause it to burn out. Should the pump installation be performed accurately, the ejector will function without any disruptions.

However, the process of installing a remote ejector is more difficult. First, a pipe that will allow water to return from the storage tank to the ejector must be installed. The ejector’s suction section has a check valve fitted. A strainer should be positioned behind it to prevent clogging of the apparatus.

Installing an adjusting valve on top of the recirculation pipe is required to control the volume of water sent to the ejector. While this assembly is not required, it can greatly enhance the home’s water pressure condition.

More water will be available for the home’s plumbing system if less water is returned to the ejector.

Prior to operation, the ejector is assembled in accordance with the standard scheme. A venturi tube in the shape of a plastic socket (+) is connected to the nozzle from above, and a strainer is connected to the ejector body from below.

The water pressure in the water supply system can be adjusted in this way. If it is lacking, the regulating tap on the return line needs to be slightly tightened.

To improve the efficiency of the pumping apparatus, it makes sense to send more water to the ejector if the head is excessively high and places an unneeded strain on the water system.

This adjustment system is already included in some industrial ejector models. The device’s instruction manual typically provides a detailed description of how to modify the ejector operation.

Using a homemade external version

A built-in ejector is typically purchased along with a pump, however the external model is frequently handmade.

It will be helpful to think about how such a device is made and connected in sequence. You will need parts like a tee with internal threaded connections, a fitting, bends, couplings, etc. to make the ejector.

Handmade assembly of the ejector

The apparatus is put together as follows:

1. Connect the lower part of the tee with the fitting so that the outlet spigot is at the top, and the smaller-diameter fitting is inside the ejector.
2. Then it is necessary to finalize the design by sawing off the narrow part of the connector, if it protrudes from the tee.
3. If the fitting is too short, it is extended using polymer tubing.
4. On the top side of the tee, an adapter with male thread is screwed on.
5. A PVC water pipe is connected to the other end of the adapter using a fitting.
6. Now to the bottom side of the tee, in which the narrow fitting is already inserted, you must connect the branch in the form of a corner.
7. To this outlet connect the pipe, which will be used for the return flow of water to the ejector.
8. To the side spigot of the tee, another angle is attached.
9. A pipe is connected to this corner using a collet clamp, which will be used to suck water from a well, well, etc.п.

There should be about 2-3 mm separating the fitting from the tee’s edge. This will guarantee the development of a rarefaction region with the necessary properties. Utilizing a crimp nut, the recirculation pipe is fixed.

It turns out that the internal thread of the tee fitting’s lower branch has two elements connected to it at the same time. The second one, the corner, is outside the tee, and the first one, the socket, is inside. A portion of the connector’s thread must be removed in order to fit both of them on a single threaded connection.

Naturally, every threaded connection needs to be thoroughly sealed. FUM tape is most frequently used for this purpose. Polyethylene structures are occasionally utilized instead of metal-plastic pipes to connect the ejector to the pumping station.

Special crimping tools must be used for their installation; collet clamps, which are suitable for metal and plastic, will not function in this case.

Every threaded connection on the ejector needs to be properly sealed, perhaps using FUM tape or another appropriate substance.

Procedure for connecting pipes

The pipes that will be used to connect the remote ejector must be considered in advance. When heated, polyethylene structures bend easily, allowing corners to be omitted when connecting the ejector. All that needs to be done to attach the pipe to the ejector is bend it at the proper location and angle.

The ejector can be connected via polyethylene pipes, which are simpler to erect than equivalent metal or plastic constructions.

The apparatus thus has three outlets, to which the appropriate pipe needs to be attached. Typically, the pipe that will be used to extract water from the source is installed first. It is attached to the ejector’s side outlet.

Installing a strainer and check valve at the end of this pipe is required. The length of this pipe is required to reach deep underwater. Nevertheless, even with a filter, avoid pulling water from the bottom of the source as this can clog the ejector.

The lower end of the ejector, which has a tapered fitting, can then be connected to the pipe. The water is recirculated primarily through this line. To create a return flow, the other end of this pipe needs to be attached to the tank from which the water is being drawn.

A typical water main is the third pipe. The surface pump is connected to one end, which is fixed on the ejector’s top pipe. It is important to keep in mind that the pipe diameter used to extract water from the source needs to be greater than the pipe diameter used to supply the ejector.

The remote ejector is connected to three pipes: a line for water recirculation, a pipe connecting the device to the pump, and a pipe for water suction from the source.

It is advised to use a quarter-inch larger pipe for the suction if a one-inch pipe is used for the supply. The ejector is lowered into the water once all connections have been made.

The system needs to be filled with water before it is turned on for the first time. Priming of the pump occurs via a unique hole. Water needs to be added to the pipes that go to the ejector.

The surface pump and all pipes leading to the ejector must be filled with water before turning on the pumping station with ejector.

What is the principle of operation of an ejector for a pump?

Ejector pumps are very basic in their construction. They are made up of the following components:

1. Nozzle.
2. Diffuser.
3. Mixer.
4. Suction chamber.

An ejector pumping device’s nozzle is a narrow-ended nozzle. The instantaneous acceleration of the water stream coming out of the nozzle is the basis for the ejector for water pump operation. A high-velocity water stream has the least effect on the atmosphere, according to the laws of physics. After exiting the nozzle, the water enters the internal mixer and is divided by boundaries. This separation causes water from the chamber to start flowing into the mixer.

The diffuser further down the pipes conveys the centrifugal water flow. In other words, the water intake unit’s ejector is where energy is transferred from the medium with the highest velocity to the medium with the lowest velocity.

The pipeline that connects the well to the pump includes the ejector. After a while, the portion of the water that was raised to the well’s surface starts to flow back into the well—that is, to the ejector—creating a circulation line.

There is an additional discharge in the water system when water shoots out of the nozzle quickly, taking some of the well’s water with it. Consequently, the pumps require significantly less energy to raise water from a depth.

Two different types of ejector pump installations

The water intake system can be made more efficient by varying the volume of water that is fed back into it, which is made possible by a special valve that is installed on the so-called circulation line.

The productivity level of the entire ejector pumping station is set by the ejector pumps, which distribute the extra water to the consumers that did not participate in the circulation process. This makes do with engines that have the least amount of power and a smaller water intake component.

Furthermore, ejectors make it easier to start the pumping system because they enable even a small amount of water to generate enough of a vacuum in the water system to start the initial water intake process, preventing the system from operating in an idle state.

Ejector working principle (video)

The efficiency and functionality of your pumping station can be greatly improved by adding an ejector. You can consider the possibility of building your own ejector by comprehending the fundamental design and ideas behind them. In addition to being less expensive, this do-it-yourself method enables customization to fit your unique requirements and tastes.

It is important to carefully consider a number of factors, including compatibility, pressure requirements, and safety precautions, when connecting the ejector to your pumping station. Adhering to an appropriate installation procedure guarantees peak efficiency and reduces the possibility of malfunctions or mishaps. It can be helpful to seek professional advice or guidance from people with experience in this area.

An ejector’s capacity to function without external power sources is one of its main benefits. This makes it especially appropriate for isolated areas or scenarios where the availability of electricity may be inconsistent or limited. Furthermore, its design simplicity makes maintenance and troubleshooting simpler.

Furthermore, by lowering energy consumption and encouraging environmentally friendly practices, adding an ejector to your pumping station is in line with sustainability goals. Ejectors minimize environmental impact while providing a workable solution for a range of pumping applications by utilizing the power of fluid dynamics.

Ultimately, using an ejector in your pumping station offers a useful and effective way to improve its operation. Including an ejector can result in increased functionality, cost savings, and environmental sustainability, whether through comprehending its schematics, building a do-it-yourself gadget, or making sure the installation and connection are done correctly.

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