DIY skirting heating

As winter sets in and the temperature drops, staying warm in our homes becomes our first priority. Although heating systems are necessary, they frequently result in expensive energy costs. Nevertheless, there are substitute options that are economical and energy-efficient in addition to providing warmth. An increasingly common remedy is do-it-yourself skirt heating.

Installing heating components along a room’s baseboards or skirting boards is known as skirting heating. This creative method makes use of radiant heating, which warms objects and people in the room directly by emitting heat from panels or pipes. In contrast to conventional heating systems that depend on convection for heat distribution, skirting heating guarantees a more uniform and cozy temperature throughout the room.

The flexibility and simplicity of installation of DIY skirting heating are two of its key benefits. With the correct equipment and supplies, homeowners can complete this project on their own and avoid paying for an expensive professional installation. Skirting heating can be successfully installed in a home by anyone with basic DIY skills as long as they follow some simple guidelines and take safety precautions.

In addition, DIY skirting heating is much more energy-efficient than traditional heating techniques. As a result of the heat being directed upward from the base of the walls, less energy is needed to maintain a comfortable temperature in the room. This lowers utility costs while simultaneously making the home environment more environmentally friendly and sustainable.

Materials Needed Instructions
Flexible heating cable Measure the perimeter of the room and purchase enough heating cable to cover it.
Insulation foam boards Install insulation foam boards along the base of the walls to improve heating efficiency.
Mounting clips Secure the heating cable to the insulation foam boards using mounting clips.
Thermostat Install a thermostat to control the temperature of the skirting heating system.
Electrical tape Use electrical tape to seal connections and protect against moisture.
Power outlet Connect the heating cable to a power outlet and test the system to ensure it"s working properly.

The principle of heating

The heating unit consists of a copper tube radiator. The device’s compact size is one of its features. Aluminum profiles, plastic plugs, brackets, holders, fittings, and collectors are also part of the system.

The way it works is that heat is transferred from the air to the walls by slow ascent. They emit energy into other objects, which causes the room to become heated. This produces even heating throughout the entire space of the room. Upstairs, the warm air cushion doesn’t build up. You cannot use normal heating to heat the top; instead, you must pay for it.

Reduced pressure that forms at the warm flow’s course up is what causes it to stick to the wall. As a result, heat is transferred to the wall via convective air movement, which weakens and radiates the heat.

The chilly air that enters the case’s lower slots is warmed by radiators. It is crucial that thermal insulation consistently safeguards this wall. The heated air then escapes through the upper fissures, transferring the heat to the hard surface. Thus, the majority of convective heat transfer takes place inside the radiator body. Only the aluminum case receives radiation transmission.

The following are some of the system’s benefits:

  1. Wall heating prevents the formation of dampness, which is the cause of the development of fungi and mold.
  2. Uniform heating of the surrounding space.
  3. The small size of the skirting board saves the room in the room.
  4. The heating system can be the main or additional.
  5. Economy.
  6. Environmental friendliness. No heat flows that raise the dust.
  7. Protection of heat exchangers with a durable case.

The high cost is a drawback, but the benefits make up for the investments quickly.

Without any specialized knowledge, you can install the system yourself. However, you must be aware of a few features that vary amongst models. Examine all the features that the manufacturer has to think of before making a purchase. The entire system is designed and calculated based on them. The structure’s attributes, measurements, and heater power are considered the first set of information.

Types of warm skirting boards

Warm skirting boards are powered by both water and electricity, in addition to warming the floor. Whichever kind they are, they are concealed by a lovely ornamental box.

The latter stands out due to its ease of use, compact size, and simplicity of design. The high cost of electricity and the requirement for strong wiring are among the drawbacks. While water warm skirting board can be linked to the boiler for heating, it differs slightly from standard systems. Both types can be used in conjunction with other principles of action or sources of heating.

The coolant temperature does not need to be high for the new method to work. Energy consumption consequently declines. It is also a good idea to install temperature controllers in every room. She holds more in the nursery and less to a greater extent in the adult bedroom.

System device

The heating module, a heat exchanger with two copper tubes with an outer diameter of 13 mm and brass or aluminum lamellas arranged on them, is the device’s fundamental component. The modules are joined by the supply PVC pipe from the collector in accordance with the radial scheme after being consistently connected to one another while hanging on the brackets. Management and setting are determined by the distribution collector. A fixed aluminum box is positioned around the room’s perimeter.

Installation of a warm skirting system

The PVC pipe from the distribution collector is laid before the connection points are ready, following the installation of the warm water plane. Since it will be challenging to make any changes once the screed is filled, extra caution must be taken to ensure that radiation wiring is correct. Every cart is used while building is underway.

The system is installed only after the room has been decorated. After attaching a connecting coupling to the first module, each component is subsequently mounted in turn. Swivel polyethylene tubes are used to make the connection at the very end and in the corners. The maximum length of each heating circuit is 12.5 meters. Heating is done in close proximity to the house’s exterior walls. They make use of interior walls as well. The locations of plumbing, home appliances, and large furniture are not where skirting boards are installed. After that, the automation system is adjusted, all contours are balanced, and crimping is completed.

Radiators must be positioned along the walls, but they do not have to take up the entire space around the room. Via the upper fissures in the boxes, air enters the heater from the bottom.

How to make a water warm skirting board?

The following steps are followed during installation after selecting and calculating a warm skirting board with water heating:

  1. Working out the method of connecting the system to the boiler and the choice of what a water warm skirting board will be – an auxiliary or main system.
  2. Determination of heat loss in all rooms and on the basis of this – the necessary power of the installed system.
  3. Laying pipes from the camshaft in all rooms to the connection sections.
  4. Choosing places of installation. A 15 mm is made from the wall, and 10 mm from the floor. A mark of dots for drilling holes for dowels. Installation on the wall of planks, insulation and brackets.
  5. Fastening of skirting boards by level until all are installed.
  6. Consistent connection of heaters with each other and to the supply pipes. Their maximum permissible amount is 17 pcs.
  7. Water supply under pressure and checking the performance of the system for the absence of leaks.
  8. Installation of plugs and lids.

Plinth Termia

Two copper tubes with brass or aluminum mounted brakes make up the design. Because of its high thermal conductivity, termia water warm skirting boats can be used in low-temperature heating systems. The length of the module uses 240 watts to heat water to 70 °C with a thermal power of 1 m, which is equivalent to an electric heater’s characteristics. When декоративные панели with high теплоοроводности are used in алюминиевого профиля on a hydrophobic surface, the теплоотдача increases and becomes more symmetrical.

Copper tubes, which are passive heat exchangers, carry out the heat exchange of the modules more efficiently. They are typically performed in close proximity to the house’s interior walls. Soldering creates the compounds that modules have with them.

Automation enables the installation of thermal valves at a convenient level for regulation, with the generated sensors placed in the rooms. Powder-polymer coating shields control devices from impact and other mechanical forces.

DIY skirting heating is a useful option if you want to maintain a warm and energy-efficient home. You can maximize energy efficiency and improve comfort in your home by installing heating elements along the baseboards. By ensuring that the warmth is distributed evenly throughout the living area, this method minimizes cold spots and lowers heating expenses. DIY skirting heating gives homeowners an affordable way to enhance the insulation and heating of their homes with easily accessible materials and simple installation techniques. DIY skirting heating offers a flexible and cost-effective way to improve your living space while lowering energy costs, regardless of whether you’re looking to upgrade your current heating systems or take on a major home renovation project.

Self -manufacture

Many people gather a warm waterplane skirting board by hand because of its high cost. While copper pipes make good heaters, copper or aluminum radiators are more difficult to make. You can raise the diameter to 20 mm in this situation. The 16 mm indicator works better.

The upper pipe is positioned at a height of 15 cm, and the lower pipe is 6 cm high. The plinth’s width shouldn’t be greater than 3 cm. In this instance, the wall is covered with a thin strip of aluminum foil thermal insulation. A steel or aluminum box is used as protection. A copper plate can be used to create a decorative screen. Its soldering to the pipes will greatly enhance heat transfer.

A prerequisite for warm skirting board performance is a minimal temperature differential in the forward and backward directions. For such a system, installing an additional circulation pump is advised.

Water warm skirting board: reviews, photos

  1. Skirting heaters support comfortable conditions in the dwelling even in the winter period.
  2. In houses where there are a lot of furniture, a warm skirting board is inconvenient to use. As a result, furniture is heated, not a room.
  3. In private houses, where there are mini-boiling ones, it is quite enough. Many use them with other types of heating.
  4. Domestic manufacturers produce products at similar prices. Imported ones are more expensive, but they look much better.
  5. Many are satisfied with the safety of using such a type of heating as a warm skirting board of water. Reviews about leaks are extremely rare.

Conclusion

When it comes to arranging for affordable and practical heating, the Water Water Plintus system is among the greatest options. Although it is difficult to introduce due to its high price in Russia, new heating devices are being used gradually because of their effectiveness.

Skirting heating: comfortable, beautiful, economical

There are other ways to heat the space besides the radiator heating system and a cozy floor. Warm skirting boards have grown in popularity recently. Only a few years have passed since this type of heating first entered our market, and its operation is still relatively new. Still, he becomes well-known very quickly; this is the most discrete and cozy kind of heating.

Warm skirting boards are little floor heaters that run the length of the room. They get their names from where they are located and how big they are. For example, a typical floor skirting board is about 2.5 to 3 cm thick. Increased height: 12–15 cm, but everything appears natural. What matters is that, because heat is transferred by radiation rather than convection, such a system does not restrict where furniture and décor can be installed.

This is the appearance of skirting heating. Put an end to any further heating devices.

The principle of action and differences

Skirting-boat heating products assert that their system is the most cost-effective among all heating options. Twenty to thirty percent are saved. This occurs because lower temperatures are needed to produce a comfortable feeling. And all because radiation, not convection, transmits the majority of heat.

The majority of current heating systems produce an unfavorable heat image, with cold air remaining below and warm air accumulating on top. The situation can be tolerated in rooms with low ceilings, but it becomes critical in rooms with high ceilings. Forced convection is used to align the temperature picture; fans integrated into heating devices roughly mix air masses. However, microbes and dust are carried by the dynamic movement of air. Simultaneously, stagnant spaces form in the room corners where cold air builds up.

When skirting heating is used, the sensations are comfortable, the air is fresh, and there is no heat pillow at the top.

Dust in the air and uneven temperatures are not the only problems with convection heating. Additionally, there seems to be moisture on the walls. Convection does, in fact, heat the air. The walls don’t get any warmer. Condensate falls, the walls get moist, and mold and fungus grow when warm air comes into contact with cold walls. Furthermore, well-insulated homes and apartments tend to look like this.

Heating from below behaves differently. The first noticeable distinction is that the lower air layers heat up right away, which is already comfortable. The air cools and rises along the walls gradually, transferring heat to the walls. It turns out that the temperature above is not significantly warmer than the temperature below.

By convection, only 20–30% of the heat is used to heat the air. All other resources are used to warm the walls. This represents the second significant distinction. Scientist Koand observed that heated air rises along the walls without blending in with the surrounding air. As a result, the walls are heated by the warm stream that is ascending, blocking off the cold. Yes, there is a significant energy (and fuel) consumption while the walls are heated and dried out. However, after the surface as a whole starts to emit heat.

This is where the saving area starts: when the air is 16 degrees Celsius and the walls are between 36 and 37 degrees Celsius, a person feels comfortable. We can feel every part of the body, even just from the walls of heat. In this instance, not much energy is used to keep the dry walls at that temperature. After all, the best heat conductor in the materials is the water they contain; the air that has replaced it, on the other hand, is not a good heat conductor.

This is how a nearby option looks like.

Because the walls are what generate the majority of the heat in a space like this, furniture placement along the walls is not as crucial as it once was. Allow them to absorb a portion of the heat; otherwise, they will start to contribute. In any case, the walls will warm up.

Types of warming skirting boards

The skirting heating system is composed structurally of a heating module enclosed by an ornamental aluminum bar. Two copper tubes with aluminum plates affixed are the heating module. As you are aware, copper has a high price tag but is highly resistant to corrosion and heat transfer. Aluminum is far less expensive, but it still transfers heat effectively. Numerous heating devices use this copper+aluminum combination, which has shown to be effective.

This is how skirting heating is designed.

The coolant (water or antifreeze) and the heater’s electric heating element are the two ways to heat the heat transfer module. They diverge because of this.

Electric heating

Electric skirting boards have an inserted special low-temperature heater. They reach a maximum temperature of 60 o C. Their capacities are also more than sufficient; a single linear meter can produce between 180 and 280 watts. The cable is laid in an unique shell in the upper tube, and electric heaters are placed into the lower tube. It assists in supplying voltage to every part of the heater. The length of one ranges from 70 cm to 2.5 m, and the power required to heat the room is gained from various heater lengths.

The copper tube is fitted with a unique heater. It appears that an electric heated skirting

Water warm skirting board

The same modules are connected to a single heating circuit when heat transfer is accomplished using water or antifreeze. There is just one restriction: a circuit’s length should not exceed 12.5–15 m for maximum heating efficiency (varying depending on the manufacturer).

It is practical to connect a collector (comb) when there are no circuits for the water warm skirting system device. You have the option to use consumables or the most common model. In the water heating method, heating modules are categorized according to the power needed at a given system thermal pressure.

Calculation of the length of the heating element

The difference in temperature between the heating device and the air (TV) is the system’s thermal pressure, or Δt. The average arithmetic of the temperatures of the feeder (TP) and reverse (TO) pipelines is used to determine the temperature of the heating device.

We compute the pressure in a system where the air should be at 20 o C, the submission is 90 o C, and the reference is 70 o C. Finally, Δt = (90 + 70)/2 – 20 = 60 o C will be found. We refer to this regime as high-temperature.

Skirting heating at these levels is ineffective. Usually, there is no more than a 5 o C difference in temperature between the supply and reverse pipelines. Feed 60 o C, return 55 o C is the ideal mode. The thermal pressure of the system will be ΔT = (60 +55)/2 – 20 = 37.5 O C C with the support in the premises at +20 O C.

Determine the necessary length of the heating module in the column with this thermal pressure if the parameters of your system are similar. Find the value for your temperatures if the parameters differ.

The thermal power of the skirting heating MR. Tektum is shown in the table below. Although the names are a little different, the idea is the same. Once you have determined the necessary heat pressure value, locate the linear meter’s power for your system in the corresponding column. You can calculate the number of meters you will need of the heating element by knowing the room’s heat loss (for instructions on how to calculate this, click here).

Table showing the relationship between the temperature delta (thermal pressure) and the power of the heated skirting board

For example, this table indicates that the thermal power is 162 W when δt = 37.5 o C is used to offset the room’s 1500 W heat loss. Thus, the required amount of the heating element is 1500/162 = 9.25 m.

Than and how to connect

Once you have gained the necessary length, divide it and wrap it around the room’s perimeter to form a closed circuit. There are various ways in which the heater segments are connected to one another:

  • flexible stainless steel pipes with pitch nuts or under the press;
  • copper pipes and fittings for rations;
  • copper or brass threaded fittings.

Copper pipes are the most dependable material to connect with when soldering. This choice works well with central heating systems as well because these compounds can withstand pressures of up to 30 bar. The most difficult component to assemble is the threaded fitting assembly; the tubes’ tiny dimensions and the spaces between them and the walls make it extremely difficult to work with. Reliability in the selection of flexible pipes is essential for heating and hot water systems.

Use copper pipes and hoses to connect the heating elements of the warming skirting boards.

Copper materials such as polymer (polyethylene and reinforced polypropylene), metal, plastic, or copper pipes should be compatible with the eyeliner or floor.

Features of the system

A system that works with any kind of boiler on any fuel. There is one drawback, though: a high coolant speed is necessary for normal heat transfer. Natural methods will just not work. Therefore, selecting the appropriate pump is crucial.

Scope, prices, manufacturers

The skirting heater can be installed in any room for any purpose. For environments with high humidity, there are specific models. They are nearly flawless from a design perspective because they blend in with the decor and draw no attention to themselves. This room has a very cozy vibe to it because the air is clean and there are no unpleasant odors.

There’s just one thing about them: they work well in homes where people live permanently. At least when it’s cold outside, with continuous heating and sporadic increases to a comfortable temperature. They are not suitable for the rapid heating mode because of the low power. It takes a long time to heat up.

There are both European manufacturers and domestic. With prices and quality as usual: Europeans are beautiful, reliable, expensive; in domestic – cheaper, but worse done. And the difference is not only in appearance. This is often more or less normal. The problem is the occurrence of creaks and clicks in the system with sharp heating and cooling. This problem is characteristic of the connection of two metals: different temperature expansion provokes the occurrence of this effect. Europeans have been producing such a technique for decades and have learned to fight this. Ours – yet do not know how. So here is such a feature. Based on this, in the bedrooms, if possible, put warm skirting boards from trusted and venerable manufacturers.

Models with copper plates are available. They are reasonably priced and have extremely high heat transfer.

Something akin to this can be found in the manufacturer names and countries:

  • Hemo Termboard – Austria
  • BEST BOARD (Bestboard) Austria
  • Thermasquert is England
  • Termi – Ukraine
  • Aurora – Ukraine
  • Mr. Testum – Russia
  • KZTO – Russia

Advantages and disadvantages

  • Uniform heating of the room without cold and warm zones.
  • Oxygen is not burned.
  • Reducing the cost of maintaining a comfortable temperature due to its decrease by several degrees
  • Heating is thermal radiation from warm walls.
  • Convenience of embedding in any interiors.
  • Simpler installation (compared to warm floors).

Even if you ignore the claim that "they will not warm anything," the shortcoming is still apparent: high cost. One more, albeit indirect, is that a water warm skirting boat is a system made up of several parts. Accurately designing and connecting everything is difficult. It’s a little simpler to install electric skirting boards, but electrical knowledge is needed. That is to say, it is preferable in both situations to have professionals install the system or to have dealers or manufacturers thoroughly explain all the small details and features.

The skirting heating system’s working principle is shown in the following graphic: At head level, or about 1.6–1.7 meters, the temperature reaches a comfortable 18–20 degrees Celsius.

How to make a warm skirting board with your own hands

Not even Russian production is enjoyable at low cost. What should you do if you wish to test this system but need to pay a little "extra" money? Execute the task independently. There are two practical choices.

Option one

Copper roofing sheets measuring 0.4 mm in thickness and unheated copper pipes with a diameter of 12 mm were utilized. The following is the work order:

  1. Root copper strip (60 cm) cut into a band of 15 cm bands.
  2. The edges of the stripes over the entire length are selected at an angle of 90 O and the length of the shelf 7-8 mm. Stripes of no more than 3 meters – working uncomfortable with large pieces.
  3. Sold copper tubes to the back of this skirting board. This requires a solder (plumbing containing 3% copper) and burner. During soldering, direct the burner to the tube: the strip is thin and it will crumble when overheating. The pipe is the heating storage normally.
  4. At the ends of the tube, bend a little before soldering. So it will be more convenient to put on adapters on them.
  5. For assembly, oil -zoom -resistant sleeves were used, which withstand the work with the coolant up to 120 o C, (inner diameter 12 mm). In places of connection with the pipe, they were fixed with ordinary clamps.
  6. To adjust the temperature, a thermostat is installed with manual adjustment of the company "Dzhakomini".
  7. The joints are closed with similar inserts/skirting boards made of copper, but without pipes.
  8. The panels are attached directly to the wall for standard mounting clips (for pipes). Do not insert them into the recesses – most of the heat is lost.

For nine years, such a system has operated in a wooden house. Not a single issue or repair needed. The coolant at the entrance ranges in temperature from 50 to 70 degrees Celsius. It is excessively hot in the room (20–21 o C with an increase).

Watch the video to learn about the benefits of installing a heated skirting board. It might be beneficial.

The second option

In this case, aluminum profiles were used to make a warm skirting board with your own hands to work with drywall. The holes from above and below are cut (sawn) in them with a grinder, after which they are attached to the walls. Two copper pipes are laid on a thin ceiling aluminum profile, fastened with aluminum wire. All this design is laid inside and fixed to the wall so that the pipes are one above the other. The assembly of pieces of such a home -made skirting board was carried out by welding with copper pipes and fittings. “Facial panel” is the same profile, only painted with paint for radiators to the tone of walls (floor). This home -made warm skirting board is less effective, more complicated in cleaning, but also very efficient.

"A plinth like that is in my house. besides the heated floor. I also suggest that you install. Warm skirting boards operate effectively in their capacity. Naturally, power cannot be compared to warm floors, but the warmth emanating from them is palpable."

Install warm flooring and baseboards. Without a doubt, I will state that, despite the skirting board’s lower cost, I prefer heating."

"I purchased a 9 m 2 600 watt megador for the bedroom." He operated at maximum power initially, but we are now using 200 watts at 20 degrees. For my area, this is sufficient; we don’t need a higher temperature and we don’t love it. Also, there is a ventilation hole that is nearly always open on the wall where the heater is located. I’m happy."

Reviews for warm skirting boards are generally positive, as you can see. It makes sense because heating is comfortable, efficient, and nearly undetectable. The only thing that ruins the image is the high price, but you can make things yourself.

Like everything new, the skirting system has many critics-theoretics. Their main thesis: “It is stupid to warm the walls, then to warm the air. It is better to directly heat the air, and then take the heating walls of the walls ”The point of view is clear. It is she who is used for convecto -heating convecto. But the result and its shortcomings are known to everyone. And for the effectiveness of the wall heating, experience was conducted: in one room there was +12 o C, and the walls were heated to +37 o C C. And people in it sweat. In the other, the air warmed up to +40 o C, and the walls were cooled to +12 o C, and people were frozen.

Substinate heating: disadvantages and advantages

What are skirting heating’s primary features? The primary drawbacks and benefits of skirting heating. Why installing skirting heating is worthwhile.

Many refuse to hang batteries, which occasionally not only causes interference but also detracts from the overall appearance of the home. If you use skirting heating, your rooms could resemble this:

A great substitute for heated floors and radiators is skirting heating. Radiators don’t produce the same amount of heat, but installing heated floors is very time-consuming and challenging. For this reason, a lot of people favor skirting heating, which was, up until recently, a relatively unknown method of keeping the room at a consistent temperature.

There are two varieties of heating skirting systems:

  • waterproof heating;
  • Electric skirting heating.

Water skirting heating

Such skirting heating primarily consists of plastic tubes that don’t lose oxygen, heating radiators, and a camshaft.

When the coolant temperature is no higher than 85 °C and the pressure is no higher than three atmospheres, the skirting heating system can be linked to the central heating system. It is necessary to prevent the so-called hydraulic blow in order to withstand such limits. It is also essential to consider the following advice when installing heating:

  1. It is preferable to use copper tubes instead of ordinary plastic.
  2. You can use a heat exchanger that takes heat from central heating, and built -in using special copper plates.
  3. Mount the thermostats to each of the radiators.
  4. You can install a special servo drive on a special distribution collector.
  5. Install the circulation pump, thermometer and manometer.

Electric heating

Electric heating that is easier to use is squirrel heating. A unique block of radiators with a heater serves as its main component. While the cable is laid in the upper tube of the radiator, the heater is installed in the lower tube. The main prerequisite in this case is that the room where the system is intended to be installed completely free of elevated humidity.

An ordinary standard outlet is connected to this type of heating. 200 W per pgm is the approximate system power.

Particularly in areas with cold climates, skirting heating provides a useful and effective way to heat your house. This do-it-yourself heating method makes use of the space under your floors to evenly distribute warmth throughout your rooms, guaranteeing a cozy atmosphere during the cold months.

The relatively simple installation process of skirting heating is one of its main advantages. This heating system can be installed by homeowners without requiring extensive professional assistance, provided they have the necessary materials and basic do-it-yourself skills. This saves costs and enables more customization to meet your unique heating requirements.

Additionally, skirting heating can improve your home’s energy efficiency. This technique minimizes heat loss and makes sure that warmth is concentrated where it is most needed by heating from the bottom up. Skirting heating is therefore economical and environmentally beneficial, as it can lead to lower energy costs and a smaller environmental effect.

The adaptability of skirting heating in terms of both design and functionality is another benefit. You can select from a variety of skirting heating systems, such as electric and hydronic models, based on your needs and preferences. Furthermore, skirting heating installation doesn’t interfere with your current flooring, enabling a seamless aesthetic integration into your house.

To sum up, DIY skirting heating provides an affordable and effective means of maintaining a warm and cozy home all year round. For homeowners looking for dependable heating solutions, skirting heating offers an appealing alternative due to its simplicity of installation, energy-saving qualities, and adaptability. You can create a warm living area and reduce your energy expenses at the same time by utilizing the heat beneath your floors.

Video on the topic

DIY aluminum radiator. Do -it -yourself internal converter. DIY

Economical heating. DIY warm skirting board.

Installation of a warm skirting board

Warm skirting board instead of radiators. What are they, what heat transfer

Installation of the water -heating water system

Comparison of "warm skirting board" and radiator

Warm plinth. Council from Nikita.

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